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Watersheddles Reservoir

Watersheddles Reservoir
Water Sheddles
Image of an upland lake and valve tower surrounded by moorland
Dam and valve tower, Watersheddles Reservoir
Position of lake in Lancashire
Position of lake in Lancashire
Watersheddles Reservoir
Location in Lancashire
LocationBorough of Pendle, Lancashire
Coordinates53°50′20″N 2°03′04″W / 53.8390°N 2.0512°W / 53.8390; -2.0512
TypeReservoir
Primary outflowsRiver Worth
Catchment area560 acres (225 ha)
Basin countriesEngland
Managing agencyYorkshire Water
Built1871–1877
First flooded1877
Surface area27 acres (11 ha)
Average depth18 feet (5.5 m)
Max. depth49 feet (15 m)
Water volume28,300,000 cubic feet (801,000 m3)
Shore length11.2 miles (2 km)
Surface elevation1,099 feet (335 m)
References[1]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Watersheddles Reservoir is an upland artificial lake in Lancashire, England. The reservoir was opened in 1877 by the Keighley Corporation Water Works, and is now owned by Yorkshire Water. It supplies water to the Worth Valley and Keighley area and compounds several streams at the source of the River Worth.

Although the reservoir is just across the boundary of Lancashire, all of the water is used in the West Yorkshire region.

Due to the peatland in the immediate catchment area, the reservoir is prone to a high acidity and discolouration in its water.

History

The building of the three reservoirs in the Upper Worth Valley (Watersheddles, Ponden and Lower Laithe), was so that the Keighley area could have a supply of fresh drinking water, and also in response to several droughts in the 1860s. These droughts forced residents in the Upper Worth Valley to raid mill-ponds for drinking water.[2]

In response to the flooding, and as part of their endeavour to improve the water supply in Keighley and its environs, the Keighley Waterworks Extension and Improvement Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. cxxix) was passed to allow them to build:

"...an aqueduct, conduit, or watercourse commencing in the hamlet or liberty of Oakworth, in the township and parish of Keighley, in the said West Riding, at a point situate upon the stream called White Reaps Clough, distant 132 yards, or thereabouts, from the junction of the said stream with another stream called Dean Clough, and terminating in the northern side of the intended Water Sheddles Reservoir (proposed to be constructed by the Local Board under the powers of "The Keighley Waterworks Extension and Improvement Act, 1869 ") at a point 35 yards to the south of another point 320 yards distant (measured along the highway next hereinafter mentioned) from the Standing Stone on the boundary between the counties of York and Lancaster, such stone being placed on the highway leading from Keighley to Colne, such termination being in the hamlet of Wycoller...."[3]

So although the reservoir would dam the River Worth, it would be located 100 yards (91 m) over the county boundary in Lancashire,[4] a situation that still exists today, with the reservoir in the Borough of Pendle, but with a Bradford (BD) postcode.[5] The reservoir needed to be quite elevated in comparison to the town of Keighley, so that the water pressure would be sufficient to pump water to the uppermost areas of the town and adjoining localities.[6]

The name, which is recorded both as Watersheddles and Water Sheddles, is thought to have derived from Middle English meaning "the parting of the waters".[7] The name is borrowed from a nearby boundary stone on the road between Stanbury and Laneshaw Bridge.[8][9][10][note 1]

Although the contract for the building of the reservoir was awarded to Walker and Taylor of Crewe in June 1870,[12] the reservoir was not started until August 1871, with full use and final flooding in 1877.[13][note 2][14] A deal was agreed with the mill owners along the River Worth that guaranteed a ready-supply of water; every morning and every evening, the sluices were opened to allow a regulated flow of water down the valley to enable the mills to restock their ponds.[15][16] Keighley Corporation Water Works operated the reservoir until 1959, when it was folded into the newly created Craven Water Board (CWB).[17] The CWB, itself, was subsumed into Yorkshire Water in 1974.[18][19] Whilst Yorkshire Water own the reservoir, unlike other reservoirs nearby that are in West Yorkshire, they do not own the surrounding land which drains into Watersheddles.[20]

Due to its location and the surrounding topography, the overflow channel is very steep (1 in 2.5)[21] and the length of spillway is 330 feet (100 m) long, with the width being 11 feet (3.5 m).[22] The dam height is 72 feet (22 m) and the dam wall stretches for 132 yards (121 m).[12][14]

The maximum capacity of the reservoir is 191,000,000 imperial gallons; 229,000,000 US gallons (867,000,000 L), (28,300,000 cubic feet (801,000 m3)), and, along with Keighley Moor Reservoir, supplies 5% of its maximum volume on a daily basis for drinking water.[1][23][24] The reservoir is located some 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Stanbury and at an elevation of 1,099 feet (335 m). It has a maximum depth of 49 feet (15 m), an average depth of 18 feet (5.5 m) and has a catchment area of 560 acres (225 ha).[25] The short-distance path the Brontë Way, runs alongside the northern edge of the reservoir.[26]

Hydrometry

Water from the reservoir is sent to a water treatment works (WTW) at Oldfield on the north side of the Worth Valley. Oldfield WTW also receives water from Keighley Moor Reservoir, and between the two, they supply over 1,800,000 imperial gallons; 2,100,000 US gallons (8,000,000 L) per day.[27] Oldfield was opened in 1891 in an effort to treat the water from the reservoirs as the acidic water was eating into the pipes and poisoning the water with lead.[24] A report from 1897 relays how the water is cleared through limestone, coke, sand and "polarite",[note 3] but suffered from discolouration arising from peat sediment settling on the bottom of the reservoir.[28] In 1973, just before Yorkshire Water assumed control of Watersheddles and Oldfield WTW, the pH of water arriving at Oldfield was registered as being between 6.9 and 7.0.[29]

A schematic of the Worth Valley reservoirs and their drinking water supply. All reservoirs feed the River Worth - Watersheddles and Ponden directly and Keighley Moor and Lower Laithe by North Beck and Sladen Beck respectively.[30]

The waters entering the reservoir drain a peat moorland with millstone grit underlying. The water was recorded with a pH value of 4.1 in 1988 and has been noted for its 'colour', which takes a more intensive process to remedy at the WTW.[25][27] The problems of the pH value at Watersheddles (and to an extent, Keighley Moor Reservoir) were so bad, that Yorkshire Water designed and built their own prototype triple-pH controller in 1988 to regulate the waters acidity.[31]

In the late 1890s and early 1900s, a rain gauge was sited at Watersheddles, the results of which are given below;

Year Rainfall Ref Year Rainfall Ref Year Rainfall Ref
1897 49.83 inches (1,266 mm) [32] 1904 46.36 inches (1,178 mm) [33] 1908 50.6 inches (1,290 mm) [34]
1898 44.53 inches (1,131 mm) [35] 1906 54.33 inches (1,380 mm) [36] 1911 36.49 inches (927 mm) [37]
1900 51.73 inches (1,314 mm) [38] 1907 55.57 inches (1,411 mm) [39] 1913 45.35 inches (1,152 mm) [40]

The water at the reservoir between 2013 and 2016 was assessed as moderate for ecological quality and good for chemical quality.[41]

Notes

  1. ^ Certain archaic documents also label the site as Water Shackles.[11]
  2. ^ The contract for the nearby (downstream) Ponden Reservoir, was also awarded to Walker and Taylor. Their original intent, was that work was estimated at one year, in the event, problems with puddling, meant the works took nearly five years. Watersheddles suffered from the same issue of puddling.
  3. ^ In this context, it is unclear what "Polarite" actually is, as the mineral polarite was first described in 1969

References

  1. ^ a b "Water Sheddles Reservoir Water Body ID 30471". eip.ceh.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  2. ^ Hewitt 2004, p. 112–113.
  3. ^ "No. 23,800". The London Gazette. 28 November 1871. p. 5262.
  4. ^ Hewitt 2004, p. 112.
  5. ^ "Watersheddles Reservoir, Pendle (BD22 0JL) in the British Outdoors". get outside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  6. ^ Wood, Steven (2014). Haworth, Oxenhope & Stanbury : from old maps. Stroud: Amberley. 67. ISBN 9781445621548.
  7. ^ "Water Sheddles Cross :: Survey of English Place-Names". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  8. ^ Historic England. "Hanging Stone (Grade II) (1313972)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  9. ^ "OL21" (Map). South Pennines. 1:25,000. Explorer. Ordnance Survey. 2015. ISBN 9780319242605.
  10. ^ Historic England. "Hanging Stone (46131)". Research records (formerly PastScape).
  11. ^ "Townships: Trawden | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Keighley Local Board". Bradford Observer. No. 2, 332. Column A. 15 June 1870. p. 3.
  13. ^ Tickle, A (1991). "2: Ecosystem Effects - Acid Waters in the United Kingdom; Evidence, Effects and Trends". In Longhurst, James W S (ed.). Acid Deposition : Origins, Impacts and Abatement Strategies. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin. p. 166. ISBN 978-3-642-76475-2.
  14. ^ a b "The Keighley Waterworks". Bradford Observer. No. 3, 874. Column E. 29 May 1875. p. 8.
  15. ^ Hewitt 2004, p. 113.
  16. ^ London and Provincial Water Supplies: With the Latest Statistics at the Internet Archive
  17. ^ "Looking Back Friday, August 29, 2008". infoweb.newsbank.com. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Craven's long, hot summer when the rain never came". Craven Herald. 5 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  19. ^ "Craven through the years". infoweb.newsbank.com. 13 June 1998. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  20. ^ Harlow, Clarke, Phillips, Scott 2012, p. 39.
  21. ^ Speirs, Kate. "Watersheddles Reservoir Spillway Improvements" (PDF). ukwaterprojectsonline.com. p. 3. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  22. ^ Shand, Alistair (27 July 2014). "Work starts on £1.2m improvement scheme at reservoir near Stanbury". Keighley News. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  23. ^ Shotbolt, Laura; Thomas, Andrew; Hutchinson, Simon (2001). "Reconstructing the History of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Southern Pennines from the Historical Record". North West Geography. 1 (1). Manchester: Manchester Geographical Society: 42. ISSN 1476-1580.
  24. ^ a b Hewitt 2004, p. 115.
  25. ^ a b Battarbee, R W (1988). Lake acidification in the United Kingdom 1800–1986. London: Ensis. p. 51. ISBN 1-871275-00-8.
  26. ^ "Weekend walk: the Brontë Way". Lancashire Evening Post. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  27. ^ a b Harlow, Clarke, Phillips, Scott 2012, p. 33.
  28. ^ Sixteenth Annual Report of the Medical Officer for the Borough of Keighley at the Internet Archive
  29. ^ Annual Report of the Medical Officer for the Borough of Keighley 1973 at the Internet Archive
  30. ^ "Drinking Water Quality DWI Submission; Long-term Statement on Drinking Water Quality" (PDF). yorkshirewater.com. May 2018. p. 42. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  31. ^ Wilson, D; Woodward, K (1991). "11: Improved pH Control and its Use with Coagulant Control Systems". In Roberts, K F (ed.). Advanced technology in water management : proceedings of the conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in London on 27-28 November 1990. London: T. Telford. p. 128. ISBN 0-7277-1638-7.
  32. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1897 at the Internet Archive
  33. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1904 at the Internet Archive
  34. ^ Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Medical Officer for the Borough of Keighley at the Internet Archive
  35. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1898 at the Internet Archive
  36. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1906 at the Internet Archive
  37. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1911 at the Internet Archive
  38. ^ Nineteenth Annual Report of the Medical Officer for the Borough of Keighley at the Internet Archive
  39. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1907 at the Internet Archive
  40. ^ Borough of Keighley Annual Reports 1913 at the Internet Archive
  41. ^ "Watersheddles Reservoir". environment.data.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2020.

Sources

  • Hewitt, Peggy (2004). Brontë Country: Lives and Landscapes. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780750954259.
  • Harlow, J; Clarke, S; Phillips, M; Scott, A (2012). "Valuing land-use and management changes in the Keighley and Watersheddles catchment". Natural England Research Reports (44). Natural England. ISSN 1754-1956.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watersheddles_Reservoir