Unambiguous finite automaton

In automata theory, an unambiguous finite automaton (UFA) is a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) such that each word has at most one accepting path. Each deterministic finite automaton (DFA) is an UFA, but not vice versa. DFA, UFA, and NFA recognize exactly the same class of formal languages. On the one hand, an NFA can be exponentially smaller than an equivalent DFA. On the other hand, some problems are easily solved on DFAs and not on UFAs. For example, given an automaton A, an automaton A′ which accepts the complement of A can be computed in linear time when A is a DFA, whereas it is known that this cannot be done in polynomial time for UFAs. Hence UFAs are a mix of the worlds of DFA and of NFA; in some cases, they lead to smaller automata than DFA and quicker algorithms than NFA.

Formal definition

An NFA is represented formally by a 5-tuple, $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\Delta ,q_{0},F)$ . An UFA is an NFA such that, for each word $w=a_{1}a_{2}...a_{n}$ , there exists at most one sequence of states $r_{0},r_{1},...,r_{n}$ , in $Q$ with the following conditions:

$r_{0}=q_{0}$ ;
$r_{i+1}\in \Delta (r_{i},a_{i+1})$ for $i=0,...n-1$ ;
$r_{n}\in F$ .

In words, those conditions state that, if $w$ is accepted by $A$ , there is exactly one accepting path, that is, one path from an initial state to a final state that is labelled by $w$ .

Example

Let $L$ be the set of words over the alphabet {a,b} whose nth last letter is an $a$ . The figures show a DFA and a UFA accepting this language for n=2.

Unambiguous finite automaton (UFA) for the language L for n=2

The minimal DFA accepting $L$ has 2ⁿ states, one for each subset of {1...n}. There is an UFA of $n+1$ states which accepts $L$ : it guesses the nth last letter, and then verifies that only $n-1$ letters remain. It is indeed unambiguous as there exists only one nth last letter.

Inclusion, universality, equivalence

Three PSPACE-hard problems for general NFA belong to PTIME for DFA and are now considered.

Inclusion

It is decidable in polynomial-time whether an UFA's language is a subset of another UFA's language.

Sketch of the proof of inclusion

Let A and B be two UFAs. Let L(A) and L(B) be the languages accepted by those automata. Then L(A)⊆L(B) if and only if L(A∩B)=L(A), where A∩B denotes the Cartesian product automaton, which can be proven to be also unambiguous. Now, L(A∩B) is a subset of L(A) by construction; hence both sets are equal if and only if for each length n∈ $\mathbb {N}$ , the number of words of length n in L(A∩B) is equal to the number of words of length n in L(A). It can be proved that is sufficient to check each n up to the product of the number of states of A and B.

The number of words of length n accepted by an automaton can be computed in polynomial time using dynamic programming, which ends the proof.^[1]

Universality, equivalence

The problem of universality^{[note 1]} and of equivalence,^{[note 2]} also belong to PTIME, by reduction to the inclusion problem.

Checking whether an automaton is unambiguous

For a nondeterministic finite automaton $A$ with $n$ states and an $m$ letter alphabet, it is decidable in time $O(n^{2}m)$ whether $A$ is unambiguous.^[2]

Sketch of the proof of unambiguity

It suffices to use a fixpoint algorithm to compute the set of pairs of states q and q' such that there exists a word w which leads both to q and to q' . The automaton is unambiguous if and only if there is no such a pair such that both states are accepting. There are Θ(n²) state pairs, and for each pair there are m letters to consider to resume the fixpoint algorithm, hence the computation time.

Some properties

Given a UFA A and an integer n, one can count in polynomial time the number of words of size n that are accepted by A. This can be done by a simple dynamic programming algorithm: for every state q of A and $i\in \{0,\ldots ,n\}$ , compute the number of words of size n-i having a run starting at q and ending in a final state. By contrast, the same problem is #P-hard for NFAs.
The cartesian product (intersection) of two UFAs is a UFA.^[3]
The notion of unambiguity extends to finite state transducers and weighted automata. If a finite state transducer T is unambiguous, then each input word is associated by T to at most one output word. If a weighted automaton A is unambiguous, then the set of weight does not need to be a semiring, instead it suffices to consider a monoid. Indeed, there is at most one accepting path.

State complexity

Mathematical proofs that every UFA for a language needs a certain number of states were pioneered by Schmidt.^[4] Leung proved that a DFA equivalent to an $n$ -state UFA requires $2^{n}$ states in the worst case, and that a UFA equivalent to a finitely ambiguous^{[note 3]} $n$ -state NFA requires $2^{n}-1$ states in the worst case.^[5]

Jirásek, Jirásková and Šebej^[6] researched state complexity of basic regular operations on languages represented by UFA. They proved in particular that for every $n$ -state UFA where $n\geq 7$ , the complement of the language it accepts is accepted by a UFA with at most $2^{0.79n+\log n}$ states. This result was later improved by Indzhev and Kiefer^[7] to at most ${\sqrt {n+1}}\cdot 2^{0.5n}$ states for all $n\geq 0$ .

Raskin^[8] showed that UFAs cannot be complemented in polynomial time, even into NFAs: he shows that, in the worst case, complementing a UFA with n states into an NFA requires a superpolynomial number of states. This lower bound was later improved by Göös, Kiefer, and Yuan.^[9]

For a one-letter alphabet Okhotin proved that a DFA equivalent to an $n$ -state UFA requires $\exp \left(\Theta \left({\sqrt[{3}]{n(\ln n)^{2}}}\right)\right)$ states in the worst case.^[10]

Notes

^ i.e.: given a UFA, does it accept every string of Σ^*?
^ i.e.: given two UFAs, do they accept the same set of strings?
^ Having finitely many accepting paths for every accepted word.

References

Christof Löding, Unambiguous Finite Automata, Developments in Language Theory, (2013) pp. 29–30 (Slides)

^ Christof Löding, Unambiguous Finite Automata, Slide 8
^ Sakarovitch, Jacques; Thomas, Reuben (October 2009). Elements of Automata Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-84425-3.
^ Christof Löding, Unambiguous Finite Automata, Slide 8
^ Schmidt, Erik M. (1978). Succinctness of Description of Context-Free, Regular and Unambiguous Languages (Ph.D.). Cornell University.
^ Leung, Hing (2005). "Descriptional complexity of NFA of different ambiguity". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science. 16 (5): 975–984. doi:10.1142/S0129054105003418. ISSN 0129-0541.
^ Jirásek, Jozef; Jirásková, Galina; Šebej, Juraj (2016). "Operations on Unambiguous Finite Automata". Developments in Language Theory. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9840. pp. 243–255. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53132-7_20. ISBN 978-3-662-53131-0. ISSN 0302-9743.
^ Indzhev, Emil; Kiefer, Stefan (2021). "On Complementing Unambiguous Automata and Graphs With Many Cliques and Cocliques". arXiv:2105.07470 [cs.FL].
^ Raskin, Mikhail (2018). "A Superpolynomial Lower Bound for the Size of Non-Deterministic Complement of an Unambiguous Automaton". DROPS-IDN/V2/Document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.138. Schloss-Dagstuhl - Leibniz Zentrum für Informatik. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.138.
^ Göös, Mika; Kiefer, Stefan; Yuan, Weiqiang (2022). "Lower Bounds for Unambiguous Automata via Communication Complexity". DROPS-IDN/V2/Document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.126. Schloss-Dagstuhl - Leibniz Zentrum für Informatik. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.126.
^ Okhotin, Alexander (2012). "Unambiguous finite automata over a unary alphabet". Information and Computation. 212: 15–36. doi:10.1016/j.ic.2012.01.003. ISSN 0890-5401.

[2] .e.: given a UFA, does it accept every string of Σ^*?

[3] .e.: given two UFAs, do they accept the same set of strings?

[7] Having finitely many accepting paths for every accepted word.

[1] Christof Löding, Unambiguous Finite Automata, Slide 8

[4] Sakarovitch, Jacques; Thomas, Reuben (October 2009). Elements of Automata Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-84425-3.

[5] Christof Löding, Unambiguous Finite Automata, Slide 8

[Schmidt1978-6] Schmidt, Erik M. (1978). Succinctness of Description of Context-Free, Regular and Unambiguous Languages (Ph.D.). Cornell University.

[Leung2005-8] Leung, Hing (2005). "Descriptional complexity of NFA of different ambiguity". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science. 16 (5): 975–984. doi:10.1142/S0129054105003418. ISSN 0129-0541.

[JirásekJirásková2016-9] Jirásek, Jozef; Jirásková, Galina; Šebej, Juraj (2016). "Operations on Unambiguous Finite Automata". Developments in Language Theory. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9840. pp. 243–255. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53132-7_20. ISBN 978-3-662-53131-0. ISSN 0302-9743.

[EmilKiefer2021-10] Indzhev, Emil; Kiefer, Stefan (2021). "On Complementing Unambiguous Automata and Graphs With Many Cliques and Cocliques". arXiv:2105.07470 [cs.FL].

[11] Raskin, Mikhail (2018). "A Superpolynomial Lower Bound for the Size of Non-Deterministic Complement of an Unambiguous Automaton". DROPS-IDN/V2/Document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.138. Schloss-Dagstuhl - Leibniz Zentrum für Informatik. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.138.

[12] Göös, Mika; Kiefer, Stefan; Yuan, Weiqiang (2022). "Lower Bounds for Unambiguous Automata via Communication Complexity". DROPS-IDN/V2/Document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.126. Schloss-Dagstuhl - Leibniz Zentrum für Informatik. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.126.

[Okhotin2012-13] Okhotin, Alexander (2012). "Unambiguous finite automata over a unary alphabet". Information and Computation. 212: 15–36. doi:10.1016/j.ic.2012.01.003. ISSN 0890-5401.

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