A turlough (turloch or turlach in Irish^[1]) is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tur, meaning "dry", and loch, meaning "lake". The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone.^[2]

Turloughs are almost unique to Ireland, although there is one example in Wales, Pant-y-Llyn at Cernydd Carmel near Llandeilo.^[3][4] They are of great interest to many scientists: geomorphologists are interested in how turloughs were formed, hydrologists try to explain what makes turloughs flood, botanists study the unusual vegetation which covers the turlough floor, and zoologists study the animals associated with the turloughs.

Turloughs are mostly found on the central lowlands west of the Shannon, in counties Galway, Clare, Mayo, and Roscommon, although a few are also found elsewhere, e.g. in Limerick, Sligo, Longford, and Cork.

Only three turloughs have been identified in Northern Ireland, namely Roosky, Green, and Fardrum Loughs located near Ely Lodge Forest in County Fermanagh.^[5] These constitute the most northerly turloughs in Ireland and have been collectively designated a Ramsar site^[6] and an Area of Special Scientific Interest.^[7] There is one turlough in South Wales, Pant y Llyn.^[3]

Rahasane Turlough in County Galway is the largest surviving turlough in Ireland and is an important location for migrating and overwintering birds.^[8] It is noted for its greater white-fronted geese, whooper swans, wigeon, teal, and many waders in winter.^[9]

Waterbodies analogous to turloughs can be found elsewhere in the world where similar rainfall patterns, rock type and water table occur. In Eastern Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick and Newfoundland) temporary waterbodies called les lacs mystérieux occur.

In continental Europe, seasonal waterbodies called poljes occur in Slovenia, and a karstic waterbody has been described at Clot d’Espolla in Catalonia.^[2] It has recently been proposed that the definition of a turlough, particularly as used in the European Union Habitats Directive,^[10] be modified to include the Slovenian waterbodies as well as others. The proposed definition is based solely on the physical aspects of the waterbodies, rather than flora and fauna, which differ between Ireland and Slovenia.^[11]

When limestone is exposed to rainwater it can dissolve, leading to cracks and joints forming and enlarging. In areas where limestone is at the surface, with very little soil cover, water will drain underground through these cracks rather than running off overground through river and stream systems. The water can then flow underground, emerging later at springs. At times of higher rainfall, the water table will rise, as the underground flow cannot drain all the water, and turloughs will then fill. When the water table drops they will empty again.^[12]

Turloughs will usually have specific place on the floor where water flows in and out, called a swallow-hole (slugaire in Irish^[2]). Sometimes an actual hole can be seen, but more often it is a hollow filled with stones. In some larger turloughs the hole will be permanently wet, allowing fully aquatic plants and animals to survive.^[12]

Various attempts have been made to classify turloughs into distinct types, such as highland and lowland, fast fluctuating and seasonally fluctuating, or more complex schemes. However, a recent study using multivariate analysis of a wide range of variables characterizing the water bodies shows that there are no distinct types, but rather a continuum from wet to dry.^[13]

Turloughs usually have a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, occurring in zones depending on the water depth and frequency/duration of filling. In Ireland, the deepest part is characterised by aquatic and semi-aquatic plants such as Chara, Ranunculus, Potamogeton, Littorella uniflora, Polygonum amphibium and Mentha aquatica. This gradually gives way to a sward of Potentilla anserina, sedges such as Carex panicea, and Viola species. The black turlough moss Cinclidotus fontinaloides grows on surfaces such as rocks and tree trunks. Further up the sides of the turlough shrubs like Frangula alnus and Potentilla fruticosa occur. Some turloughs will instead transition to fen vegetation including sedges and bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). Another characteristic feature is the growth of layers of filamentous algae during warm and dry weather, which later dry out and form "algal paper".^[2]

The intermittent nature of these temporary water bodies provides challenges to aquatic animal life. The organisms commonly found in them have adapted various survival strategies, such as aerial adult forms, production of desiccation-resistant resting stages, and amphibious lifestyles. Fish are usually absent (although in larger turloughs sticklebacks can survive by retreating into the swallow-holes), and frogs and newts may sometimes spawn in them.^[12] The lack of predatory fish allows some usually rare invertebrates, such as the Cladocera Eurycercus glacialis, to thrive.^[14] Other Cladocera common in turloughs include Alona affinis, Alonella excisa, Chydorus sphaericus, Eurycercus lamellatus and Simocephalus vetulus. A number of beetles that are rare or absent elsewhere in Ireland can be found in turloughs, such as Hygrotus quinquelineatus, Coelambus impressopunctatus, Graptodytes bilineatus, Agabus labiatus, and A. nebulosus.^[2] Other invertebrates can also occur, such as fairy shrimp, flatworms and snails.^[12]

• Karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
  • Karst lake
  • Karst spring
  • Doline, also sink or sinkhole – a closed depression draining underground in karst areas
  • Subterranean river – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface

• Lough Funshinagh, County Roscommon
• Glenamaddy Turlough, County Galway
• Rahasane turlough, County Galway

• Kilroy, Garrett, Catherine Coxon, Donal Daly, Áine O'Connor, Fiona Dunne, Paul Johnston, Jim Ryan, Henning Moe, and Matthew Craig. (2009) "Chapter 5.4 : Monitoring the Environmental Supporting Conditions of Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems in Ireland", in Quevauviller, Philippe, Case Studies for Groundwater Assessment and Monitoring in the Light of EU Legislation, pp245–258. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470749685.ch16, 9780470749685, 9780470778098, OCLC 552775381.
• Moran, James, Michael Gormally, and Micheline Sheehy Skeffington. "Turlough ground beetle communities: the influence of hydrology and grazing in a complex ecological matrix". Journal of Insect Conservation : An International Journal Devoted to the Conservation of Insects and Related Invertebrates. 16 (1): 2012:51-69. doi:10.1007/s10841-011-9393-8, ISSN 1366-638X, OCLC 5659508429.
• National Parks and Wildlife Service (c. 1980) Wetlands Discovered. (Duchas, National Parks and Wildlife Service)
• O'Gorman, Fergus (ed); Gerrit van Gelderen, Eamon de Buitlear and Richard Mills (ill.) (1979) The Irish Wildlife Book, Irish Wildlife Publications, Dublin. (pages 58–60). ASIN B001F6YLO4, John Coughlan (pub.), revised edition (1 January 1980).
• O’Neill, F.H. & J.R. Martin (2015) Summary of findings from the "Survey of Potential Turloughs 2015", volumes I & II.
• Praeger, R. Lloyd (1950) The Natural History of Ireland, William Collins Ltd.; 1st edition, Ireland. ASIN B0000CHMCL
• Webb, D.A. & Scannell, M. (1983) Flora of Connemara and the Burren. Royal Dublin Society, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521233958.
• Waldren, S. (2015) Turlough Hydrology, Ecology and Conservation. Unpublished Report, National Parks & Wildlife Services. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland.

• "Turloughs". ENFO. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.
• Turloughs – TCD
• Survey of potential turloughs, 2015 NPWS, as of 20 January 2016.
• The Turlough lake in Westmeath
• Mullygollan Turlough SAC – NPWS.
• Turloughs in general, Carran Turlough by Darrell Watts
• Flora of the turloughs by Clare Library.