Tian Xiuying
| Tian Xiuying 田秀英 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Born | 1611 Shaanxi, Ming dynasty | ||||
| Died | 16 October 1642 (aged 30–31) Palace of Heavenly Grace, Forbidden City, Beijing, Ming dynasty | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | Zhu Cizhao, Prince Dao of Yong Zhu Cihuan, Prince Daoling Zhu Cican, Prince Daohuai Prince Daoliang | ||||
| |||||
| Clan | Tian (田) | ||||
| Father | Tian Hongyu (田弘遇) | ||||
| Mother | Lady Wu (吳氏) | ||||
Imperial Noble Consort Gongshu[1] (Chinese: 恭淑皇貴妃; 1611 – 16 October 1642), also known as Imperial Noble Consort Tian (田皇貴妃), Noble Consort Tian (田貴妃), or Consort Tian (田妃), personal name Tian Xiuying (田秀英),[2] was a Chinese imperial consort married to the Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty. She was the favourite concubine of the emperor.[3]
Life
Tian Xiuying was native of Shaanxi Province, the daughter of Tian Hongyu and Lady Wu. Some other records noted that Consort Tian was not the biological daughter of Tian Hongyu. Her mother was previously a woman proficient in music and painting.[4][5] Xiuying was adopted by Tian Hongyu after the marriage.[6]
After a time, the Tian family moved from Shaanxi to Yangzhou Prefecture. When Chongzhen was still the prince of Xin, He married Lady Tian as his concubine. After he ascended to the throne, Lady Tian was named as his Noble Consort.[1]
In the 5th year of Chongzhen, Noble Consort Tian gave birth to her first child, a son named Cizhao, who would disappear during the invasion of Beijing in 1644. He would later be posthumously named as Prince Daoyong (永悼王). One year later she gave birth to another son named Cihuan, entitled as Prince Daoling (悼靈王). Cihuan would die prematurely in 1637. In the same year, she had another son, Cican known as Prince Daohuai (悼懷王). The 6th prince would die on 5 May 1639 when he was 3. She had one more son, Prince Daoliang (悼良王). All of her sons died in childhood.
Although Noble Consort Tian was deeply favored by Emperor Chongzhen, her relationship with Empress Zhou was very tense, while Consort Shu, another concubine, got along very well with Empress Zhou.
In 1641 she was named as Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; huáng guì fēi) and one year later in 1642 she died in Palace of Heavenly Grace (承乾宫). After her death, her sister, Tian Shuying (田淑英), was meant to enter the imperial harem.
After the fall of Beijing in 1644 to the armies of the rebel Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty, the bodies of the Chongzhen Emperor and Empress Zhou were buried in the tomb of Noble Consort Tian, which was declared as Imperial Mausoleum Siling by Li Zicheng, with a much smaller scale compared to the other imperial mausoleums built for Ming emperors.[7]
Titles
- During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
- Lady Tian (田氏; from 1611)
- During the reign of the Tianqi Emperor (r. 1620–1627):
- Concubine (from 1626)
- During the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–1644):
Issue
As a Noble Consort:
- Zhu Cizhao, Prince Dao of Yong (永悼王 朱慈炤; b. 1632), the emperor's 4th son[8]
- Zhu Cihuan, Prince Daoling (悼靈王 朱慈煥; 1633–1637), the emperor's 5th son[8]
- Zhu Cican, Prince Daohuai (悼懷王 朱慈燦; 1637 – 5 May 1639), the emperor's 6th son[8]
- Prince Daoliang (悼良王), the emperor's 7th son[8]
References
- ^ a b c d Ming Shilu Vol. 114
- ^ 《北游錄》记“貴妃田氏名秀英”。然前记长平公主名朱徽媞为误称。
- ^ Grace S. Fong; Ihor Pidhainy; Roger Des Forges (2018). Representing Lives in China; Forms of Biography in the Ming-Qing Period 1368–1911. Cornell University East Asia Program. p. 125. ISBN 9781942242918.
- ^ 《崇祯宫词》 繁华自古说扬州，三辅豪家恣冶游。闻说贵妃承宠后，金吾恩泽古难俦。 注：皇贵妃田氏，西安人。世行估扬州。父宏遇，以奢自豪。生妃而纤妍。扬故多街女，习伎能。宏遇娶之为后妻，教妃鼓琴。天启中选妃，入信王邸。信王入嗣，册礼妃。父宏遇授游击将军，锦衣卫指挥。妃最宠，未几进为皇贵妃。颇干预，每见上辄为外家乞恩泽。宏遇以妃故，官左都督，交游结纳，极园林声伎之盛。朝士附势者，争相朝请，每以外情输宫禁。
- ^ 《梵天庐丛录》 思宗贵妃。扬州人。其母精音律，善丹青，妃尽得其传。入宫后，大得宠嬖，居承乾宫。尝作群芳图呈御，凡二十四种，合为一本。思宗命特付装潢，特加赏览，每页钤“承乾宫印”，“南薰秘玩”。上端有思宗题诗。明亡，散落人间，有蒋氏得其二页，一为海棠，一为芙蓉，幽逸冷艳，皎然独绝。
- ^ 《国榷·卷九十八》“妃父田弘遇，尝任千总；妻吴氏，娼也，养妃为女。”
- ^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 397–398. ISBN 978-0-7656-4316-2.
- ^ a b c d Ming Shilu Vol. 120