Tamanic languages
| Tamanic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | West Kalimantan |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tama1334 |
The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:
The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.[1][2][3]
Sound changes
Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.[1]
Consonants
- Phonemic mergers:
- *D merges into d.
- *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
- *h, *q merge into ∅, however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
- *z merges into d.
- Lenition in intervocalic positions:
- *-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
- *-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
- *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut).
- When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
- *l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
- In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran).
- Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ) of mostly unexplained origin.
- *-q > -ʔ, but *-h > *-∅
- Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ.
Vowels
- *aya, aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira:)
- In Taman, it was sometimes reflected as ɛ: (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
- *u was dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
- *ay, *ey and *aw, *ew were monophthongized into e and o, respectively.
- *-iq and *-uq became -e and -o respectively.
West Kalimantan groups
Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:[4][5]
Group Language Regency Kalis Kalis Kapuas Hulu Lau' Lau' Kapuas Hulu Tamambalo Tamambalo Kapuas Hulu Taman Taman Kapuas Hulu
Exclusive innovation vocabulary in the South Sulawesi language family or Buginese
There are many lexical similarities with the languages of South Sulawesi,[1] for example:
| Proto-Malayo-
Polynesian |
Proto-South-
Sulawesi |
Buginese | Embaloh | Taman | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nose | *qijuŋ | *illoŋ | iŋəʔ | iŋar | iŋir |
| self | *diʀi | *kal-aw-e | ale | kale | ? |
| outside | *uda | *saliwAn | saliwəŋ | saluan | saluan |
| tooth | *ipən | *isi | isi | isi | isi |
| sleep | *tuDuʀ | *tindo | tinro | tindoʔ | tindoʔ |
| wake up | *baŋun | *səddiŋ | səddiŋ | asadiŋ | sadiŋ |
| above; top | *babaw | *babo | asəʔ | aset | ? |
| forget | *lupa | - | lilu | liluʔ | liluʔ |
| world | - | *lino | lino | lino | ? |
| orphan | - | - | biu | biu | ? |
| rainbow | - | - | tarauʔ | tataraʔueʔ | ? |
References
- ^ a b c K. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.), Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
- ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092.
- ^ Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Pontianak: Institut Dayakologi. ISBN 978-979-97788-5-7.
- ^ Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.