Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Star Wars prequel trilogy

Star Wars prequel trilogy


The Star Wars prequel trilogy logos
Directed by
Screenplay by
Story byGeorge Lucas
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography
Edited by
Music byJohn Williams
Production
company
Distributed by1999–2019:
20th Century Fox
Since 2019:
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures[a]
Release dates
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$343 million (total for I–III)
Box office$2.526 billion (total for I–III)

The Star Wars prequel trilogy, colloquially referred to as the prequels, is a series of epic space-opera films written and directed by George Lucas. It was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The trilogy was released from 1999 to 2005 and is set before the original Star Wars trilogy (1977–1983), chronologically making it the first act of the Skywalker Saga. Lucas had planned a prequel trilogy (as well as a sequel trilogy) before the release of the original film, but halted major Star Wars films beyond the original trilogy by 1981. When computer-generated imagery (CGI) had advanced to the level he wanted for the visual effects he wanted for subsequent films, Lucas revived plans for the prequels by the early 1990s. The trilogy marked Lucas's return to directing after a 22-year hiatus following the original Star Wars film in 1977, as well as a 16-year hiatus between the classic and prequel trilogies.

The trilogy consists of Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), and Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). The films follow the training of the powerful youth Anakin Skywalker as a Jedi under the tutelage of Jedi Masters Qui-Gon Jinn[b] (1999), Obi-Wan Kenobi[c] and Yoda,[d] his fall to the dark side of the Force and rebirth as Darth Vader. The trilogy also depicts the corruption of the Galactic Republic, the annihilation of the Jedi Order, and the rise of the Empire under Palpatine (secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious). The first two films received mixed reviews, while the third's reception was more positive. All three enjoyed box-office success.

Background

It’s all based on backstories that I’d written setting up what the Jedi were, setting up what the Sith were, setting up what the Empire was, setting up what the Republic was, and how it all fits together. I spent a lot of time in developing those elements, and what each planet did, and why they did it the way they did. So I had all this material. A lot of the story elements were given. Early on, it was that Anakin had been more or less created by the midi-chlorians, and that the midi-chlorians had a very powerful relationship to the Whills [from the first draft of Star Wars], and the power of the Whills, and all that. I never really got a chance to explain the Whills part.

So a lot of the story of the prequels, I’d done already. And now I was just having to put it into a script and fill it in, kind of sew up some of the gaps that were in there. I’d already established that all Jedi had a mentor, with Obi-Wan and Luke, and the fact that that was a bigger issue -- that’s the way the Jedi actually worked. But it was also the way that the Sith worked. There’s always the Sith Lord and then the apprentice.

Everybody said, “Oh, well, there was a war between the Jedi and the Sith.” Well, that never happened. That’s just made up by fans or somebody. What really happened is, the Sith ruled the universe for a while, 2,000 years ago. Each Sith has an apprentice, but the problem was, that each Sith Lord got to be powerful. And the Sith Lords would try to kill each other because they all wanted to be the most powerful. So in the end they killed each other off, and there wasn’t anything left. So the idea is that when you have a Sith Lord, and he has an apprentice, the apprentice is always trying to recruit somebody to join him -- because he’s not strong enough, usually -- so that he can kill his master.

—Filmmaker George Lucas describing the concepts and plot of the prequels in a StarWars.com interview.[1][2]

According to original trilogy producer Gary Kurtz, loose plans for a prequel trilogy were developed during the outlining of the original two films.[3] In 1980, Lucas confirmed that he had the nine-film series plotted,[4] but due to the stress of producing the original trilogy and pressure from his wife Marcia Lucas to settle down, he had decided to cancel further sequels by 1981.[5] However, technical advances in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the ability to create computer-generated imagery (CGI), inspired Lucas to consider that it might be possible to revisit his saga. In 1989, Lucas stated that the prequel trilogy would be "unbelievably expensive."[6] After viewing an early CGI test created by Industrial Light & Magic for Jurassic Park, Lucas said:

We did a test for Steven Spielberg, and when we put them up on the screen I had tears in my eyes. It was like one of those moments in history, like the invention of the lightbulb or the first telephone call. A major gap had been crossed and things were never going to be the same.[7]

In 1992, Lucas acknowledged that he had plans to create the prequel trilogy in the Lucasfilm Fan Club magazine, and announced this to Variety in late 1993.[8] Producer Rick McCallum reached out to Frank Darabont, who had previously written The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Shawshank Redemption, for possible future writing duties.[9] He was considered until at least 1995, but as time went on, Lucas continued writing the screenplays himself.[10] Before Lucas chose to direct the prequels, Return of the Jedi director Richard Marquand expressed interest in directing one of the prequel films, up until his death in 1987.[11] The popularity of the franchise had been prolonged by the Star Wars Expanded Universe, so that it still had a large audience. A theatrical rerelease of the original trilogy in 1997 'updated' the 20-year-old films with the style of CGI envisioned for the new episodes.

Films

Having been significantly anticipated by fans, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace was released on May 19, 1999. It sees the Jedi coming into contact with the young Anakin Skywalker and the corruption of the Galactic Senate by Darth Sidious. Episode II – Attack of the Clones was released on May 16, 2002. The story jumps ahead 10 years and finds Anakin—now a Jedi apprentice of Obi-Wan Kenobi—pursuing a forbidden romance, as well as the outbreak of the Clone Wars. Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, the first PG-13 film in the franchise, was released on May 19, 2005.[12] It picks up three years following Attack of the Clones and depicts the Jedi Order being annihilated via Order 66, the Galactic Republic coming to an end and the Galactic Empire forming in its place and Anakin falling to the dark side of the Force and being reborn as Darth Vader, all under the machinations of Palpatine.[13]

Film Release date Director Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer Distributor
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
 May 19, 1999 (1999-05-19) George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox (initial)
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
 May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16) George Lucas George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
 May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19) George Lucas

Episode I – The Phantom Menace

Main article: Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace

32 years before the events of the original film, (13 years before the creation of the Galactic Empire), two Jedi Knights—Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi—are sent to negotiate with the corrupt Trade Federation who has formed a blockade around the planet Naboo. Naboo's senator Palpatine—who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious—has covertly engineered the blockade as a pretext to become Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic. With the help of Naboo's fourteen-year-old queen, Padmé Amidala, and accompanied by a clumsy native named Jar Jar Binks, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan escape the blockade. They land on Tatooine to repair their starship and meet a nine-year-old slave named Anakin Skywalker. Believing him to be the prophesied "Chosen One", Qui-Gon takes Anakin to be trained as a Jedi.[14]

The prequels were originally planned to fill in history tangential to the original trilogy, but Lucas realized that they could form the first half of one long story focusing on Anakin.[15] This would shape the film series into a self-contained saga. In 1994, Lucas began writing the screenplay for the first prequel, initially titled Episode I: The Beginning. Following the film's release, Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two.[16]

Episode II – Attack of the Clones

The central trio of the prequel trilogy was played by Hayden Christensen (Anakin Skywalker, Episodes II & III), Ewan McGregor (Obi-Wan Kenobi), and Natalie Portman (Padmé Amidala), respectively.
Main article: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

10 years later, an assassination attempt is made on Padmé Amidala, who is now serving as Naboo's senator after finishing her term as queen. Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice, Anakin, are assigned to protect her; Obi-Wan tracks the assassin, while Anakin and Padmé secretly fall in love. Meanwhile, Chancellor Palpatine schemes to draw the galaxy into the Clone Wars between the Republic army of clone troopers led by the Jedi, and the Confederacy of Independent Systems led by Darth Sidious' Sith apprentice, Count Dooku.[17]

The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography, and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales, a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, to polish it.[18] Unsure of a title, Lucas had jokingly called the film "Jar Jar's Great Adventure".[19] In writing The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas initially considered that Lando Calrissian was a clone from a planet of clones which caused the Clone Wars mentioned in A New Hope.[20][21] He later came up with the concept of an army of clone shock troopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and was resisted by the Jedi.[22]

Episode III – Revenge of the Sith

Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith

Three years into the Clone Wars, Anakin becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Council and begins to have visions of Padmé dying in childbirth. Palpatine reveals himself as Darth Sidious and convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé's life. Desperate, Anakin submits to Sidious and assumes the Sith moniker Darth Vader. Sidious then orders the Jedi's extermination while declaring the former Republic an Empire. Vader engages in a lightsaber duel with Obi-Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar which results in Vader becoming disfigured; losing both legs and left arm, while Padmé dies after giving birth to twins.[13]

Work on Episode III began before Episode II was released, with one scene shot during the earlier film's production. Lucas originally told concept artists that the film would open with a montage of the Clone Wars,[23] and included a scene of Palpatine revealing to Anakin that he had willed his conception through the Force.[24] Lucas reviewed and radically reorganized the plot,[25] having Anakin execute Dooku in the first act to foreshadow his fall to the dark side.[26] After principal photography was completed in 2003, Lucas made more changes, rewriting Anakin's arc. He would now primarily turn to the dark side in a quest to save Padmé, rather than just believing that the Jedi are plotting to take over the Republic. The rewrite was accomplished both through editing principal footage and filming new and revised scenes during pick-ups in 2004.[27]

Themes

Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between the prequel and original trilogy, especially concerning the journey of Anakin Skywalker in the prequels and that of his son Luke in the older films. Together with the original trilogy, Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as "the tragedy of Darth Vader".[28] According to Lucas, the correct order to watch the films is by episode order.[29]

There are many references to Christianity in the prequel trilogy, such as the appearance of Darth Maul, whose design draws heavily from traditional depictions of the devil, complete with red skin and horns.[30] The Star Wars film cycle features a similar Christian narrative involving Anakin Skywalker; he is the "Chosen One"—the individual prophesied to bring balance to the Force—who was conceived of a virgin birth. However, unlike Jesus, Anakin falls from grace and seemingly fails to fulfill his destiny (until the prophecy comes true in Return of the Jedi). The saga draws heavily from the hero's journey, an archetypical template developed by comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell.[30]

Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise launched in 1977, focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship. Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Adolf Hitler's role as chancellor before appointing himself Führer.[31] Lucas has also drawn parallels between Palpatine and historical dictators such as Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as former president of the United States Richard Nixon.[32][33][e] The Great Jedi Purge depicted in Revenge of the Sith mirrors the events of the Night of the Long Knives.[36] The corruption of the Galactic Republic is modeled after the fall of the Roman Republic and the formation of an empire.[37][38]

Re-releases

The films have been made available on many home video formats, most notably on DVD and Blu-ray. Like the "Special Edition" re-issue of the original trilogy, Lucasfilm has altered the films with each release, although these additional changes are minor.

A 3D theatrical re-release was planned for the then-six-film franchise beginning with The Phantom Menace in February 2012. However, following Disney's purchase of Lucasfilm, the subsequent releases were canceled to focus on the sequel trilogy.[39] The trilogy was made available for streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch in late 2019.[40]

Reception

Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Critical response

Box office performance

Film Release date Budget Box office revenue Box office ranking Refs.
North America Adjusted for
inflation
(North America)[n 1] 		Other
territories 		Worldwide All-time
North America 		All-time
worldwide
The Phantom Menace May 19, 1999 $115 million $474,544,677 $815,518,000 $552,500,000 $1,027,044,677 #15 #35 [42][43]
Attack of the Clones May 16, 2002 $115 million $310,676,740 $482,820,000 $338,721,588 $649,398,328 #73 #130 [44][45]
Revenge of the Sith May 19, 2005 $113 million $380,270,577 $535,701,000 $469,765,058 $850,035,635 #39 #71 [46][47]
Total $343 million $1,165,491,994 1,834,039,000 $1,360,986,646 $2,526,478,640
  1. ^ Adjusting for inflation is complicated by the fact that the first four films have had multiple releases in different years, so their earnings cannot be simply adjusted by the initial year of release. Inflation-adjusted figures for 2005 can be found in Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-By-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. HarperCollins. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6. Adjustment to constant dollars is undertaken in conjunction with the United States Consumer Price Index provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, using 2005 as the base year.[41]

[1]

Critical response

Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore[48]
The Phantom Menace 52% (5.90/10 average rating) (242 reviews)[49] 51 (36 reviews)[50] A−
Attack of the Clones 65% (6.50/10 average rating) (257 reviews)[51] 54 (39 reviews)[52] A−
Revenge of the Sith 79% (7.30/10 average rating) (305 reviews)[53] 68 (40 reviews)[54] A−

The prequel trilogy received mixed reviews, generally improving in critical reception with each installment. Common criticisms surrounded the over-reliance on computer-generated imagery, wooden dialogue (including scenes of romance between Anakin and Padmé), slow-paced political scenes,[55][56][57] and the comic relief character of Jar Jar Binks, whose role was reduced after the first film.[58][f] Several alien characters introduced in The Phantom Menace have been subject to accusations of racial stereotypes. Jar Jar is asserted to caricature a stereotyped Jamaican,[60][61] while the Gungan species at large has been said to suggest a primitive African tribe.[58] The greedy Neimoidians of the Trade Federation have been noted as resembling East Asian stereotypes[62] with some deliberately given Thai accents,[63] and Watto's mannerisms and hooked nose appearance were based on footage of Alec Guinness as the Jewish character Fagin in the 1948 film Oliver Twist,[64] leading some to assert that the slave-owning character is a Jewish stereotype.[65] Lucas denied all accusations of racial stereotypes.[58][66]

Many expressed their disappointment with the trilogy's portrayal of Anakin Skywalker, particularly calling the writing weak and the dialogue wooden,[55] although Hayden Christensen's performance in the third film was more well-received.[67] Contrarily, Ewan McGregor's portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi, following in the footsteps of Alec Guinness, has been generally praised.[68] Natalie Portman has expressed her disappointment with the trilogy's negative reception, saying that "When something has that much anticipation it can almost only disappoint." She also acknowledged that "With the perspective of time, it's been re-evaluated by a lot of people who actually really love them now."[69]

The trilogy has also received some criticism for clashing aesthetically with the original trilogy. While the older films feature rough and aged technology, the prequels depict relatively sleek and new industrial designs.[55] Some have criticized this design choice by saying that it makes the earlier time period appear to depict a more advanced civilization, although Revenge of the Sith brings the design closer to that of the original trilogy.[70] Lucas has called the choice clever, as it illustrates the halt of technological innovation in a time period of civil war.[71]

Conversely, some argue for the prequel trilogy's positive elements, including its handling of political issues, especially involving the rise of fascism.[55] This includes Star Wars: The Last Jedi director and writer Rian Johnson, who also praised its visual effects innovations. Jar Jar Binks has been regarded as the first fully CGI character in a live-action film, and perceived as paving the way for Gollum in The Lord of the Rings.[72][73] KING-TV's Kelly Lawler complimented the lightsaber battles as "sleeker affairs with better choreography and more athleticism" compared to the original trilogy.[55] J. J. Abrams praised the acting of Ian McDiarmid as Darth Sidious, stating that the scene where he recounts the tragedy of Darth Plagueis is the best of the trilogy.[74]

George Lucas has responded to the negative criticism by saying that, like the original films, they were intended "for 12-year-olds", while acknowledging that fans who saw the originals when they were young had different expectations as adults.[1][75] The prequels have been noted as retaining a dedicated fanbase, primarily composed of Millennials[76] and Gen Zers[77] who were children at the time of their release.[78][79] Since the late 2010s, the prequels have amassed a cult following via memes on social media,[79] with Neel Patel of Syfy Wire attributing this to the internet being a "paradise of irreverence, just like George Lucas' scripts."[80] Additionally, both the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Disney's sequel trilogy has been noted to have retroactively improved the perception of the prequel trilogy among fans.[57][78][81]

Screen Rant favorably compared the way the prequels ended the saga compared to the sequels, writing, "Amidst the bad execution of the story, the fact of the matter is, the prequel movies tell one coherent narrative, with a clear through-line between movies – this is something sorely lacking in the sequel trilogy."[82] Similarly, Den of Geek's Andrew Blair wrote that the prequels were "enjoying a deserved reappraisal" following vocal discourse surrounding the sequels. He considered the prequels to be the superior trilogy as, in contrast to its successors, the films had "consistency" and "the product of a singular vision."[78]

Accolades

Academy Awards

Academy Awards Film
The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith
72nd Academy Awards 75th Academy Awards 78th Academy Awards
Best Makeup and Hairstyling — — Nominated
Best Sound Editing Nominated — —
Best Sound Mixing Nominated — —
Best Visual Effects Nominated Nominated —

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Physical distribution rights were set to move to Disney in 2020 according to the 2012 deal, but eventually moved to Disney in 2019 as a result of the acquisition of Fox. Theatrical re-releases are still distributed under the 20th Century Studios label.
  2. ^ In Episode I - The Phantom Menace
  3. ^ In Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002) and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)
  4. ^ In Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002) and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)
  5. ^ In his early drafts, Lucas used the plot point of a dictator staying in power with the support of the military. In his comment (made in the prequel trilogy era) Lucas attributed this to Nixon's supposed intention to defy the 22nd Amendment,[34] but the president was actually impeached and never ran for a third term. Fellow Republican President Ronald Reagan sought to repeal the amendment after leaving the office.[35]
  6. ^ The character was so disliked, even by fans, that actor Ahmed Best said he contemplated suicide.[59]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Brooks, Dan. ""All Films Are Personal": An Oral History of Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace". StarWars.com. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  2. ^ Miller, David. "Star Wars Canon Has The Jedi-Sith War All Wrong According To George Lucas". screenrant.com. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  3. ^ "Gary Kurtz Reveals Original Plans for Episodes 1-9". TheForce.net. May 26, 1999. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  4. ^ Lucas, George (1980). "Interview: George Lucas" (PDF). Bantha Tracks (8). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  5. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 494.
  6. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 303.
  7. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 311.
  8. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 312.
  9. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 315.
  10. ^ Kaminski 2008, pp. 338–39.
  11. ^ "Richard Marquand interview: Return Of The Jedi, Star Wars". Den of Geek. June 25, 2013. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  12. ^ "Episode III Release Dates Announced". StarWars.com. April 5, 2004. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  13. ^ a b Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2005.
  14. ^ Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2001.
  15. ^ Kaminski 2008, pp. 299–300.
  16. ^ "Star Wars Insider". Star Wars Insider (45): 19.
  17. ^ Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2002.
  18. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 371.
  19. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 374.
  20. ^ Bouzereau 1997, p. 196.
  21. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 158.
  22. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 162.
  23. ^ Rinzler 2005, pp. 13–15.
  24. ^ Rinzler 2005, p. 42.
  25. ^ Rinzler 2005, p. 36.
  26. ^ Kaminski 2008, pp. 380–84.
  27. ^ Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary "Within a Minute" (DVD documentary). 2005.
  28. ^ Wakeman, Gregory (December 4, 2014). "George Lucas Was Terrible At Predicting The Future Of Star Wars". CinemaBlend. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  29. ^ Vargas, Alani (March 16, 2020). "So You Want to Have a 'Star Wars' Marathon? George Lucas Has the Correct Order to Do That In". Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  30. ^ a b Moyers, Bill (April 26, 1999). "Of Myth And Men". Time. Archived from the original on August 23, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  31. ^ Reagin, Nancy R.; Liedl, Janice (October 15, 2012). Star Wars and History. Wiley. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-118-28525-1. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  32. ^ "Star Wars: Attack of the Clones". Time. April 21, 2002. Archived from the original on June 5, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2009. The people give their democracy to a dictator, whether it's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler. Ultimately, the general population goes along with the idea ... That's the issue I've been exploring: how did the Republic turn into the Empire?
  33. ^ Reagin, Nancy R.; Liedl, Janice (October 15, 2012). Star Wars and History. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-118-28525-1.
  34. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 95.
  35. ^ Molotsky, Irvin (November 29, 1987). "Reagan Wants End of Two-Term Limit". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  36. ^ Reagin, Nancy R.; Liedl, Janice (October 15, 2012). Star Wars and History. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-118-28525-1.
  37. ^ Reagin, Nancy R.; Liedl, Janice (October 15, 2012). Star Wars and History. pp. 130–33. ISBN 978-1-118-28525-1.
  38. ^ ""Star Wars" offers perspective into ancient history". University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  39. ^ "The 'Star Wars' We'll Never See". GQ. February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  40. ^ Whitbrook, James (April 11, 2019). "The Mandalorian Will Premiere on Disney+ November 12". io9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  41. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  42. ^ "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) – Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  43. ^ "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  44. ^ "Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) – Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  45. ^ "Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  46. ^ "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) – Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  47. ^ "Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
  48. ^ "CinemaScore". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  49. ^ "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  50. ^ "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace : Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  51. ^ "Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  52. ^ "Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones: Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  53. ^ "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  54. ^ "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith: Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  55. ^ a b c d e Lawler, Kelly (December 11, 2017). "Why I love the 'Star Wars' prequels (and you should too)". KING-TV. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  56. ^ Keith, Tamara (December 15, 2015). "Why The Politics Of The 'Star Wars' Universe Makes No Sense". NPR. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  57. ^ a b Welch, Alex (May 18, 2024). "Star Wars' Sequel Trilogy Changed How We Talk About the Prequels". Inverse. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  58. ^ a b c Okwu, Michael (June 9, 1999). "Jar Jar jars viewers, spawns criticism". CNN. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  59. ^ Newbold, Mark (January 5, 2019). "Ahmed Best: That Moment I Opened Up About Suicide". Fantha Tracks. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  60. ^ Harrison, Eric (May 26, 1999). "A Galaxy Far, Far Off Racial Mark?". L.A. Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  61. ^ "Jar Jar Less Conspicuous in 'Clones'". Hollywood.com. May 17, 2002. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  62. ^ Pianka, John Paul (May 2013). "The Power of the Force: Race, Gender, and Colonialism in the Star Wars Universe" (PDF). Office of Graduate Studies, Wesleyan University (Thesis): 1–93. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  63. ^ Lucasfilm (May 30, 2002). "Silas Carson: Hero with a Thousand Faces". Lucas Online. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008.
  64. ^ Silberman, Steve (May 1999). "G Force: George Lucas fires up the next generation of Star Warriors". Wired. Vol. 7, no. 5. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  65. ^ Brooker, Will (April 2001). "Readings of Racism: Interpretation, stereotyping and The Phantom Menace". Continuum. 15 (1): 15–32. doi:10.1080/713657758. ISSN 1030-4312. S2CID 143763901. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  66. ^ "Star Wars: Lucas Strikes Back". BBC News. July 14, 1999. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  67. ^ Dixon, Chris (January 14, 2017). "Reevaluating the Star Wars Prequel Trilogy". Medium. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  68. ^ Mangione, Nick (May 4, 2017). "Defending the Star Wars Prequels: Were They Really That Bad?". Geek.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  69. ^ Travis, Ben (May 3, 2019). "Natalie Portman: Star Wars Prequels Backlash Was 'A Bummer'". Empire. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  70. ^ Asher-Perrin, Emmet (January 16, 2013). "Watching the Star Wars Prequels on Mute: An Experiment". TOR. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  71. ^ Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace DVD featurette
  72. ^ Agar, Chris (June 29, 2020). "Rian Johnson Explains Why George Lucas' Star Wars Prequels Are Great". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  73. ^ Placido, Dani Di (December 15, 2016). "Looking Back At The 'Star Wars' Prequel Trilogy". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  74. ^ "J.J. Abrams reveals his favorite 'Star Wars' prequels scene". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  75. ^ Mancuso, Vinnie (April 13, 2017). "George Lucas: 'Star Wars' Is a 'Film for 12-Year-Olds'". Observer. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  76. ^ Leadbeater, Alex (June 8, 2017). "When Did The Star Wars Prequels Become Cool?". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  77. ^ Caitlin Chappell (January 9, 2020). "Star Wars: Gen Z Has Turned Revenge of the Sith Into a Cult Classic". CBR. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  78. ^ a b c Blair, Andrew (March 26, 2024). "The Star Wars Sequel Trilogy Helped the Prequels Age Surprisingly Well". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  79. ^ a b Charity, Justin (May 26, 2022). "The 'Star Wars' Prequel Renaissance Has Begun". The Ringer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  80. ^ Patel, Neel (July 5, 2020). "The Star Wars prequels are finally beloved because they were made for the internet". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  81. ^ O'Neill, Shane (January 28, 2020). "How The Clone Wars Fixes Anakin's Star Wars Prequel Arc". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  82. ^ Dumaraog, Ana (August 7, 2020). "Rise of Skywalker Gave Star Wars Sequels A Worse Ending Than The Prequels". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.

Sources

Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_prequel_trilogy