Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Spyker Cars

This article is about the Spyker sports car marque founded in 1999. For details about the holding company, see Spyker N.V. For details about the Spyker car and aircraft manufacturer in operation from 1880 to 1926, see Spyker.
Spyker Cars
IndustryAutomotive[1]
Founded1999; 25 years ago (1999)[2]
FounderMaarten de Bruijn[2]
Victor Muller[2]
Headquarters
Zeewolde
,
Netherlands[3]
Key people
Peter van Erp,COO[4]
ProductsSports cars[1]
RevenueDecrease €6.1 million (2012)[5]
Decrease (€13.8 million) (2012)[5]
Increase (€114 million) (2012)[5]
Total assetsDecrease €0.1 million (2012)[5]
Number of employees
37 (FTE, average 2012)[5]
ParentSpyker N.V.
(1999–present)[6]
Websitespykercars.com
Spyker N.V. logo

Spyker Cars (/ˈspaɪkər/, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈspɛikər]) is a Dutch sports car brand held by the holding company Spyker N.V. (formerly known as Spyker Cars N.V. and Swedish Automobile N.V.). The modern Spyker Cars held the legal rights to the brand name.[2] The company's motto is "Nulla tenaci invia est via", Latin for "For the tenacious, no road is impassable".[2] The marque's logo displays an aircraft propeller superimposed over a spoked wheel, a reference to the historic Spyker company that manufactured automobiles and aircraft.[7] In 2010, the company acquired Swedish car manufacturer Saab Automobile from General Motors.[8][9]

In September 2011, Spyker announced the impending sale of its supercar division to Greenwich, Connecticut based North Street Capital,[10]

In an attempt to save Spyker from bankruptcy, Swedish Automobile in September 2011, announced the immediate sale of Spyker to American private equity and hedge fund North Street Capital for €32 million (US$41 million),[11] and subsequently changed its name to Swedish Automobile N.V.[12] However, it was later revealed that the transaction did not occur.[13]

On December 18, 2014, Spyker confirmed that it had gone bankrupt, hoping to restructure its finances and getting back on its feet.[14] The bankruptcy declaration was reverted early 2015 and the company announced to continue with the production of sports cars.[15] In 2021 it went bankrupt again.[16] In January 2022 Spyker announced a return to building cars after being backed by Russian investors.[17]

History

Early years

The earlier Spyker Silvestris V8

The reborn company[clarification needed] was founded by Victor Muller and Maarten de Bruijn in 1999, and since 2000, Spyker has been building exclusive sports cars like the C8 Spyder and the C8 Laviolette (with its elegant glass roof).[18] Spyker's history of producing aero engines is reflected in details in these new cars as well as in the logo.[18] Before building the C8, de Bruijn had been building small numbers of the Spyker Silvestris, which in many ways foreshadows Spyker's later cars.

The C8 Laviolette and C8 Spyder have a 4172 cc Audi V8 engine delivering 400 bhp (298 kW; 406 PS), acceleration 0–60 mph in 4.5 seconds and a top speed of 300 km/h (190 mph).[19][20] On July 14, 2005, Spyker announced that the C8 had been approved for sale in the US market.[21][22]

A Spyker C8 at Salon Prive, London, England.

Between 2002 and 2006, Spyker built the C8 Double 12 S, which was available from the factory with 5 different levels of performance called Stage I (400 h.p.) through Stage V (620 h.p.), depending on the customer's need for performance.[23]

Between 2003 and 2007, Spyker built the C8 Spyder T, with the Twin turbo system being developed in conjunction with Cosworth in England.[24] These engines were capable of 525 h.p. and 0–60 mph acceleration times of 4.0 seconds.[25]

In 2005, the head designer and founder, Maarten de Bruijn, left the company, and founded Silvestris Aquamotive which builds aluminum space frame speed boats.[26][27]

In 2006, Spyker built the C12 La Turbie with a V12 engine capable of 500 horsepower and acceleration from 0–60 mph in less than 4 seconds.[28][29]

In September 2006, Spyker acquired the Midland F1 team,[30] which subsequently competed in the final three races of the 2006 season as Spyker MF1. In the 2007, the team competed as Spyker F1 using engines supplied by Ferrari. Driver Adrian Sutil was paired with Christijan Albers until the European Grand Prix where the latter was replaced by reserve driver Markus Winkelhock; the team then signed Sakon Yamamoto to fill in the slot for the rest of the year. The team itself had minimal success, suffering from multiple retirements (including double retirements in Malaysia, Canada and Brazil) before Sutil scored the team's first and only point in Japan. At the end of the season, the team was sold to a consortium named "Orange India" led by Vijay Mallya and was subsequently renamed as Force India.[31]

On May 27, 2004, Spyker Cars listed on the Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange at €15.50, falling to a low of €8.28 in April 2005.[32] The stock rebounded sharply in early 2006 to over €22 per share.[33][34] Early in 2007 the stock showed a sharp decline to levels beneath €13 because of financing issues.[32] As a result, several stock issues were announced to big investors. Notably, all shares have been sold at higher prices than the market price at the moment of announcement.[citation needed] On November 13, 2005, Spyker Cars and Mubadala Development Company, a principal investment company wholly owned by the government of the United Arab Emirates,[35] announced their strategic alliance, with Mubadala acquiring 17% of Spyker.[36] Mubadala has a strong relationship with sports cars, also controlling 5% of Ferrari.[37][38]

In 2007, Spyker, in collaboration with the Italian car-design firm Zagato, produced the C12 Zagato, based on the C12 La Turbie, but with more appealing bodywork, faster speeds, and the Zagato trademark roof bubbles.[39][40] This is perhaps the more exclusive Spyker car to date.[41]

In November 2009, Spyker announced that it would be moving production from Zeewolde to Whitley, Coventry, where assembly would be done in partnership with CPP Manufacturing.[42][43] UK production began in February 2010.[44] Due to the bankruptcy of SAAB and a falling out with business partners, the production was not moved to the UK.

Acquisition of Saab Automobile

2011 Saab 9-5, the first Saab vehicle released under Spyker ownership

In late November 2009, following the collapse of Koenigsegg Group's acquisition of Saab Automobile from General Motors (GM), Spyker placed a bid of its own to acquire Saab. General Motors (GM), receptive to the offer, entered into negotiations with Spyker and conducted an extensive due diligence effort. From this, they learned that the Swedish monetary and security agencies had uncovered ties between the family of Vladimir Antonov—a major Spyker shareholder—and organized crime syndicates engaged in money laundering. In part due to this, GM ended negotiations with Spyker on December 18, stating that it would begin a staged wind-down of operations at Saab Automobile in January if a buyer for it couldn't be found.[45]

Spyker CEO Victor Muller revived the deal by revising the company's acquisition bid and acquiring Antonov's shares via Tenaci, another company he owned.[46][47] On 26 January 2010, Spyker reached an agreement with GM to purchase Saab for US$394 million,[48][49][50] comprising US$74 million in cash and US$320 million in Spyker stock, subject to regulatory and government approval. General Motors would continue to supply Saab with engines and transmissions, and would produce the new Saab 9-4X at GM's Mexican factory. To pay the upfront acquisition cost, Spyker took out a loan from the European Investment Bank and borrowed $US25 million from Convers Bank, owned by former investor Vladimir Antonov.[51]

On February 23, 2010, Spyker completed its acquisition of Saab Automobile and announced it would restructure to make both Spyker and Saab subsidiaries of a parent company called Swedish Automobile.[52][53] The restructure was completed on June 15, 2011 when shareholders agreed at the company's annual shareholder meeting to change its official name from Spyker Cars N.V. to Swedish Automobile N.V.[12]

Saab bankruptcy

By the end of 2010, however, Saab Automobile ran out of money and Spyker was unable to fund the losses. The companies stopped paying their bills in early 2011, resulting in the halting of production on March 30 due to suppliers refusing to deliver parts on credit.[54]

In February 2011, it was announced that Swedish Automobile, the Dutch owner of Saab Automobile, agreed to sell its sports car unit to Vladimir Antonov. Antonov, a former Spyker chairman and shareholder, was expected to pay 15 million euros (US$21 million) for the company.[55][56] However, in March 2011, the deal fell through,[57] with Spyker's manufacturing partner CPP Manufacturing placing a bid, but this deal fell through later that month.[58][59]

On June 8, 2011, Saab Automobile said it had stopped production due to an insufficient supply of parts. This occurred only two weeks after resuming production following a seven-week hiatus. The supply of parts stopped because Saab did not pay its suppliers. Production was due to start again on August 9.[60]

On June 23, Saab announced that it was unable to pay June salaries to the entire workforce of 3,800 due to lack of funding.[61][62] The trade union IF Metall gave Saab seven days to pay the salaries to their employees; otherwise, IF Metall threatened to force a liquidation of the company.[63][64] On June 29, Saab employees were paid.[65]

Swedish Automobile initially tried to secure funding in May 2011 via proposed joint ventures with Chinese automotive manufacturers Hawtai and Youngman, and the Chinese car dealership chain Pang Da. As negotiations had not progressed by September, Swedish Automobile offered to sell its Spyker Cars division to the American private equity firm North Street Capital for €32 million (US$41 million), but was declined.[66][67] Saab Automotive submitted a debt restructuring plan that would put the company on track to have positive equity by 2014 via a process that would involve terminating 500 employees to save €100,000.[68] The proposal was accepted by a Swedish court on October 31, 2011.[68]

On October 28, 2011, Swedish Automobile announced that it would sell Saab Automobile for €100 million (US$140 million) to Youngman and Pang Da, who would acquire 60 and 40 percent of Saab's shares, respectively.[69][70][71] On November 7, GM rejected the deal with Youngman and Pang Da to prevent them from benefiting from technology Saab had licensed from it. On December 19, following a month of unsuccessful negotiations with GM, Saab Automobile filed for bankruptcy due to being unable to find another company to acquire it.[72][73][74] Swedish Automotive attempted to prevent the liquidation of Saab by putting Spyker Cars up for sale again, but was unable to find a buyer.[13][75]

On 16 April 2012, a meeting regarding Saab's bankruptcy was held at the District Court of Vänersborg.[76] The official receivers in charge of the Saab liquidation valued its assets and debt at US$500 million and US$2 billion, respectively, leaving it with a debt of US$1.5 billion.[77] In June 2012 the company was sold to the Chinese-Swedish investment group National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS),[78] after which Swedish Automotive N.V. was renamed Spyker N.V.

Post-bankruptcy

On August 6, 2012, Spyker announced that it would sue GM over the Saab bankruptcy,[79] with CEO Muller stating, "Ever since we were forced to file for Saab Automobile's bankruptcy in December of last year, we have worked relentlessly on the preparation for this lawsuit which seeks to compensate Spyker and Saab for the massive damages we have incurred as a result of GM's unlawful actions." In June 2013, the US$3 billion claim was heard in Detroit, Michigan before US federal Gershwin Drain, who dismissed it on the basis that "General Motors had a contractual right to approve or disapprove the proposed transaction" due to Spyker having given GM the right to veto any change of ownership in the Saab acquisition agreement.[80] Spyker's appeal of the ruling was heard at the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati on October 24, 2014. Judge Eugene Siler ruled in favor of GM, stating that the company's blocking of the sale of Saab had not been malicious, but rather based upon "legitimate business concerns" about who would benefit from Saab's use of GM technology.[81]

On August 27, 2012, Spyker announced that Youngman had acquired a 29.9% stake in the company for €10 million (US$12.5 million).[82][83][84] Two joint ventures between Spyker and Youngman were announced, Spyker P2P and Spyker Phoenix, with Spyker having 25% and 20% stakes in them, respectively.[85] Spyker P2P would develop new luxury sports utility vehicles,[84] while Spyker Phoenix would develop a range of premium cars based on the Saab PhoeniX platform.[84]

In March 2013, the B6 Venator was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show, the B6 Venator was noted as Spyker's first concept car in nearly four years.[86]

On September 16, 2013, Spyker N.V. lost its listing on Euronext Amsterdam after failing to undergo a restructuring agreement.[87]

On November 5, 2014, the Central Netherlands District Court ordered Spyker to leave the factory it had been renting within seven days and pay its owner €152,000 in overdue rent.[88] The claim was made by Jacques Walch, the owner of the factory rented by Spyker. Despite this, CEO Victor Muller insisted the company would be able to pay its bills "in a matter of days."[89]

On 2 December 2014, Spyker NV was granted a moratorium of payment (financial restructuring) by the Central Netherlands District Court. Spyker needed protection from creditors for its liquidity problems. Victor R. Muller, Spyker founder and chief executive, said "Over the past few years, Spyker has faced a number of serious difficulties and challenges resulting from, among others, the legacy of the F1 era and the acquisition of Saab Automobile AB,".[90]

On December 2, 2014, Spyker filed a voluntary petition to financially restructure ("surseance van betaling") to address short-term operational and liquidity challenges, the Dutch equivalent of Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[91] The Central Netherlands District Court initially declared the company bankrupt on 18 December, but reversed course on 29 January, 2015 after Spyker appealed the decision. The court granted Spyker's petition and appointed an administrator to work with the Board of Management in managing the company's affairs until the completion of its restructure. The court's ruling granted the company a moratorium of payment to protect its assets from seizure by creditors for the duration of the restructure.

On May 13, Spyker closed a deal with the creditors—to whom it owed a combined €44 million—to pay them €12,000 each. Saab GB, the largest creditor with €24.9 million at stake, agreed to receive a payment of €61,000.[92] A later attempt by the Latvian bank Lizings to claim more money was declined by the court.[93][94]

On July 29, 2015, Spyker completed its restructuring plan and resumed regular business operations.[95] In March 2016, Spyker announced the production of a new model, the C8 Preliator, at the Geneva Motor Show.

In January 2021, Spyker filed for bankruptcy again.[96]

Models

Spyker C8 Aileron

Produced

Spyker C8

Main article: Spyker C8

The C8 Spyder was the original base model with an Audi 4.2 litre V8 engine. Since the start of its production in 2000, twelve different variants have been sold. A long-wheelbase version was presented at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, called the C8 Aileron. A year later, a convertible version was presented.[97] Horsepower ranges from 400 for the original C8 Spyder to 620 for the C8 Double 12S.

The most recent model, the C8 Preliator, was officially announced at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show. Only 50 vehicles will be produced. The car has a 4.2l supercharged Audi V8 producing 525 hp, resulting in a 0–100 km/h time of 3.7 seconds and a top speed of 322 km/h. The car either comes with a 6-speed manual Getrag or a 6-speed ZF automatic transmission. As with previous Spyker models, the car has typical aviation-inspired design elements such as NACA styled air-inlets. Driver technology has been upgraded as well compared to previous models, with the C8 Preliator gaining a heads-up display and bluetooth connectivity for phones.[98][99]

Spyker C12

Spyker C12 Zagato.

The Spyker C12 is a luxury sports car of which there were two variants.[97] Spyker originally planned a small production run, but only one prototype of each car was built.

Canceled

Spyker D12/D8

Spyker D12 Peking-to-Paris.

In 2006, the Spyker D12 Peking-to-Paris high-performance SUV, was announced at the Geneva Motor Show.[100] But the mass-production, which was slated for a mid-2008 production, was delayed and the V12 engine from the concept car has been changed to a Volkswagen W12 engine at around 500 bhp (373 kW; 507 PS). Its name was then changed to the D8.[101]

Spyker hoped that the assistance of Saab, which they owned at the time, would help the D8 reach production.[101] According to Muller in April 2011, the D8 should have started production in early 2013, with a price tag of £186,000.[102] However, in March 2013, production was scheduled for 2016, with a production prototype due by 2014.[86] Eventually, plans to produce the model were discontinued.

Spyker E8/E12

Spyker shareholders and CEO, Victor Muller hinted at a Maserati Quattroporte, Porsche Panamera rival with an eight-cylinder (the E8) or a twelve-cylinder (the E12) engine but due to problems getting the D8 into production, the idea was ignored until 2009 when Muller has said he "believes now could be the time to resurrect the saloon."[103] Muller believed it would take about four years from the time that the E8/E12 is revealed to actual production. It was never produced, however.[103]

Finances

Sales

Spyker's all-time high was achieved in 2006, with 94 cars sold, about 290 cars were sold between 2000 and 2010.[104][105][106]

Calendar Year Total Sales
2000 1
2001 2
2002 3
2003 12
2004 31
2005 48
2006 94
2007 26
2008 43
2009 36
2010 "Pending"
2011 12
2012 2
2013 0
2014 0

Financial results

Spyker lost money each year since 2007. This table summarizes the key figures of Spyker Cars from 2007 to 2012. The figures originate from the Spyker Annual Report in 2011 and 2012.[5]

in millions
Year Turnover Company-
result 		Net
result 		Capital
 Stock
per year end 		Number employees
in FTE (x 1)
2007 €5,1 € -29,7 € -71,3 €25,6 9,7 166
2008 €7,9 € -21,8 € -24,8 €24,9 15,6 132
2009 €6,8 € -19,2 € -22,9 €2,6 15,9 131
2010 €3,3 € -64,1 € -218,3 € -206,5 17,5 55
2011 €1,5 € -13,8 €16,1 € -151,2 36,0 56
2012 €0,7 € -6,1 €114,4 €0,1 373,9 37
2014 €0,0 €0,0 € -44,0 €0,0 0,0 0
2015 €0,0 €0,0 €0,0 €0,0 0,0 0

Motorsport

Adrian Sutil driving for Spyker F1 at the 2007 Brazilian Grand Prix
Adrian Sutil driving for Spyker F1 at the 2007 Brazilian Grand Prix
Spyker Squadron's Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R at the 2008 1000 km of Silverstone
Spyker Squadron's Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R at the 2008 1000 km of Silverstone

Spyker F1

Main article: Spyker F1

On September 9, 2006, Spyker bought Midland F1 Racing, a Formula One team from Canadian businessman Alex Shnaider. Spyker paid US$106.6 million for the team[107] which was renamed Spyker MF1 Team for the last three races of the 2006 Formula One season. As part of the deal, the cars had a revised livery for the final three races of 2006.

On August 14, 2007, Spyker Cars announced that it would have to sell all or part of the team due to a potential split of the team from its parent company.[108]

On September 3, 2007, Indian billionaire Vijay Mallya (Chairman and CEO of Toyota sponsors Kingfisher Airlines) and Dutch entrepreneur Michiel Mol (Spyker's Formula One Director), stated the Spyker board had accepted their offer and became the new owners of the Spyker Formula One team,[109] which was renamed as Force India Formula One Team for the 2008 season.

Spyker Squadron

See also: Spyker Squadron

The Spyker Squadron was the factory racing team, competing in events such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the Le Mans Series, occasional entries in the FIA GT Championship, and the 12 hours of Sebring. Spyker also supplied a car to Swiss Spyker distributor, Speedy Garages, running under the name Speedy Racing Team.

References

  1. ^ a b "Spyker makes its first ever profit". Motorauthority.com. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on 2016-08-11. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Brief history of Spyker | Spykercars". Spykercars.nl. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  3. ^ "Spykercars". spykercars.com. March 17, 2014. Archived from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  4. ^ "Annual Report 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Spyker - Annual Report 2012". Spyker Cars. 2013-04-29. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  6. ^ "Swedish Automobile". Swedish-automobile.nl. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  7. ^ "Heritage | Spykercars". Spykercars.nl. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  8. ^ "General Motors and Spyker Cars Reach Agreement on Saab" (PDF) (Press release). Spyker Cars. January 26, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  9. ^ "GM Reaches Agreement to Sell Saab to Spyker" (Press release). General Motors. January 26, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  10. ^ "Spyker sold to U.S. private equity firm". Archived from the original on 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
  11. ^ Lavrinc, Damon. "Spyker sold to U.S. private equity firm". Autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  12. ^ a b "Spyker to change name into Swedish Automobile". MarketWatch. Dow Jones Newswires. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  13. ^ a b "Autoweek". Autoweek. 2012-01-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  14. ^ Joseph, Noah (18 December 2014). "Autoblog is now a part of Oath". Autoblog. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Court vacates Spyker bankruptcy, plans for merger, Venator and electric cars". 2014-01-29. Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  16. ^ "rtlnieuws.nl". 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  17. ^ "Spyker Is Returning Yet Again To Build Sports Cars". Jalopnik. 2021-01-01. Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  18. ^ a b "Company | Spykercars". Spykercars.nl. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  19. ^ "Spyker C8 Laviolette". Seriouswheels.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  20. ^ "Review: 2009 Spyker C8". The Truth About Cars. 2009-02-17. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  21. ^ "Spyker C8 Aileron to Make US Debut at Pebble Beach". Worldcarfans.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  22. ^ "Spyker C8 Laviolette Basic Instinct 2 Limited Edition". Worldcarfans.com. 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  23. ^ "Spyker C8 Double 12 S Spyder (2005)". Netcarshow.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  24. ^ "Spyker C8 Spyder T". Supercars.net. 2004-03-01. Archived from the original on 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  25. ^ "Spyker C8 Spyder T". Seriouswheels.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  26. ^ "DI.se meets Victor Muller of Saab-Spyker". Forums.subdriven.com. 2010-03-22. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  27. ^ Tidesco, Art (2011-08-14). "Gettin' a lil' psycho on tyres !: Woodland For The Tenacious - Spyker Silvestris V8 Prototype". Psychoontyres.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  28. ^ "Spyker C12 Zagato". Supercars.net. 2007-03-06. Archived from the original on 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  29. ^ "Spyker C12 Zagato unveiled". Gizmag.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  30. ^ Lavrinc, Damon (2006-09-10). "Midland F1 team sold to Spyker". Autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  31. ^ "FIA approve Spyker's Force India name change". Formula1.com. 2007-10-24. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  32. ^ a b "Spyker Cars Quotes, Key Figures and more". Euroinvestor.com. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  33. ^ "SPYKER CARS Stock Quote | Stock Price for SPYKR". Markets.financialcontent.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  34. ^ "SWEDISH AUTOMOBILE NV (L9I:Frankfurt): Stock Charts - Businessweek". Investing.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  35. ^ "Initiatives Youth Registration | Mubadala Development Company l Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates". Mubadala.ae. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  36. ^ "Spyker enters strategic alliance following acquisition of a 17% stake | Mubadala Development Company l Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates". Mubadala.ae. 2005-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  37. ^ "Mediobanca Sells 5% of Ferrari to Mubadala". Financial Express. July 28, 2005.
  38. ^ "Mubadala sells 5% Ferrari stake back to Fiat - Banking & Finance". Arabian Business. ArabianBusiness.com. 2010-11-15. Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  39. ^ Siler, Steve (March 2007). "2009 Spyker C12 Zagato - Auto Shows". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  40. ^ "Spyker C12 Zagato | Top Sports Cars". Edmondpogi.blogspot.com. 2011-05-26. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  41. ^ Neff, John. "Geneva Motor Show: Spyker C12 Zagato wows Geneva crowd". Autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 2011-12-25. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  42. ^ Dutch car maker plans move to UK Archived 2024-04-23 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News.
  43. ^ Ruddick, Graham (20 November 2009). "Spyker relocates from Holland to Coventry". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  44. ^ Cooper, Matthew (9 February 2010). "Dutch car-maker Spyker Cars begins UK production". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  45. ^ "GM to shut down Saab after deal talks collapse". NBC. December 18, 2009. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  46. ^ "Spyker lägger nytt bud på Saab" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. 2009-12-20. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  47. ^ "Spyker makes a new offer for Saab; General Motors will evaluate". Autoweek.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  48. ^ Harro ten Wolde (2009-02-09). "Persistence pays off for Spyker's CEO Victor Muller". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2010-01-29. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  49. ^ Paukert, Chris (2009-07-10). "BREAKING: GM reaches agreement to sell Saab to Spyker! — Autoblog". Autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-29. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  50. ^ "Spyker buys Saab". autocar.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
  51. ^ "Russian Investor Barred From Saab Provides Financing for Spyker". BusinessWeek. 2009-12-08. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  52. ^ "Spyker Cars finalizes the purchase of Saab". SaabsUnited.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
  53. ^ "Spyker Cars finalizes the purchase of Saab" (PDF) (Press release). Spyker Cars N.V. 2010-02-23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  54. ^ Madslien, Jorn (2011-04-05). "Parts shortages halt Saab factory". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  55. ^ Kinnander, Ola (2011-02-24). "Spyker to Sell Sports-Car Unit to Vladimir Antonov in Focus on Saab Brand". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
  56. ^ Reed, John (2011-02-24). "Spyker jettisons supercar business". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2011-06-01.(registration required)
  57. ^ "Vladimir Antonov at autonews.com". Search.autonews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-17. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  58. ^ Blackaby, Anna. "CPP purchase of Spyker could see supercar production double in Coventry - Automotive Business - Business News - Business". Birmingham Post. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  59. ^ "Spyker uncertainty leads to redundancies at CPP". Carsuk.net. 2011-12-02. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  60. ^ Steven Wade (2011-07-07). "Saab Automobile update on production and sale and lease back of Saab Property". Inside.saab.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
  61. ^ Erik Högström, Marit Sundberg. "Saab kan inte betala ut löner (Saab cannot pay salaries) (Swedish)". Expressen.se. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  62. ^ "Saab auto can't pay wages to 3,800 staff". RTE.ie. 2011-06-23. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  63. ^ "IF Metall hotar Saab med konkurs (IF Metall threatens Saab with bankruptcy) (Swedish)". DI.se. Archived from the original on 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  64. ^ Lindqvist Sjöström, Christina. ""Saab har sju dagar på sig" (Saab has seven days to avoid bankruptcy) (Swedish)". Svenska Dagbladet. E24.se. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  65. ^ "DN: Saab betalar ut lönerna". Dn.se. 2011-06-29. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
  66. ^ Spykercars.nl Press release September 29, 2011 Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ^ De, Michael J. (2011-09-29). "DealBook.NYTimes.com". DealBook.NYTimes.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  68. ^ a b "Saabs rekonstruktion beviljad - 500 jobb ska bort.". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 2011-10-31. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
  69. ^ "Saab Sputters On, Saved by 2 Chinese Automakers". The New York Times. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  70. ^ "Sweden's Saab heads for Chinese owners after rescue bid". Reuters. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  71. ^ "Saab chief Victor Muller reflects on sale of car maker". BBC News. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  72. ^ Saab Automobile Files for Bankruptcy Archived 2012-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Fröberg, Jonas (2011-11-07). "GM säger nej till Saab:s Kinaaffär". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). svd.se. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
  74. ^ Nordström, Jens B. "Saabs sista strid: Den osannolika historien om Sveriges största konkurs". Sweden: Lind&Co. Archived from the original on 2015-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  75. ^ Washington Post - Spyker Cars
  76. ^ "Saab bankruptcy site". Konkursboet. December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  77. ^ Zander, Christina (April 2012). "Saab Auto Left $2 Billion in Debts". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
  78. ^ "Saab sold to Chinese-Swedish investment group". BBC News. 2012-06-13. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  79. ^ "'Spyker Sues GM for $3 Billion Over Saab Bankruptcy'". Bloomberg. 2012-06-08. Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  80. ^ "'Saab parent's $3 billion lawsuit vs GM thrown out by U.S. judge". Chicago Tribune. 2013-07-06. Archived from the original on 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
  81. ^ "'U.S. appeals court rules for GM over Spyker's Saab sale'". Reuters. 2014-10-24. Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  82. ^ "Spykercars" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
  83. ^ "Chinese to help Spyker create Saab-based upmarket car". Reuters. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  84. ^ a b c "China's Youngman invests €10m in Spyker, sets up joint ventures". Dutch News. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  85. ^ "Spyker And Youngman Sign Transaction Documentation". Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  86. ^ a b Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (8 March 2013). "B6 Venator Is Just The Tip Of The Iceberg For Spyker". Motor Authority. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  87. ^ "Saab Spyker weg van beurs Amsterdam". Telegraaf. 2013-08-16. Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
  88. ^ "Spyker Evicted and 150.000 euro back rent due". 2014-11-06.
  89. ^ "Spyker Might Be Getting Evicted, But Everything's Just Fine, CEO Says". 2014-11-05. Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
  90. ^ White, Joseph B. (2014-12-02). "Dutch Sports-Car Maker Spyker Files for Restructuring". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  91. ^ Motown, India (2 December 2014). "Spyker files for voluntary financial restructuring". Motown India. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  92. ^ "BNR 13 mei 2015". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  93. ^ "Schikking tussen Spyker-topman en schudeisers op losse schroeven | BNR Nieuwsradio" (in Dutch). Bnr.nl. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  94. ^ Hof bekrachtigd schuldenregeling Spyker Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Nu.nl July 21, 2015
  95. ^ "Spyker exits restructuring process and announces electric car plans". Archived from the original on 2015-08-16. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  96. ^ "Spyker revival put on ice as CEO files for bankruptcy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  97. ^ a b "Models | Spykercars". Spykercars.nl. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  98. ^ Spyker Official website (2016) - World Debut for the Spyker C8 Preliator Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, article retrieved March 2, 2016
  99. ^ Jonathon Klein for Automobilemag (2016) - A Mechanical Beauty, the Spyker C8 Preliator Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, article retrieved March 2, 2016
  100. ^ "Spyker D12 Peking to Paris | Concept Cars". Diseno-art.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-03. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  101. ^ a b Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2010-03-05). "Spyker D12 Peking-to-Paris 'SSUV' Development On Track". Motorauthority.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  102. ^ "Spyker D12 Peking to Paris SUV Heading for Production". Worldcarfans.com. 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  103. ^ a b "Spyker planning four door coupe saloon - E8/E12?". Carsuk.net. 2009-04-25. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  104. ^ "Spyker production and sales - Spyker Owner Forum". Spykerowner.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  105. ^ "News | Spykercars". Spykercars.nl. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  106. ^ Spyker preparing to increase production substantially over coming years
  107. ^ Midland sells MF1 Racing to Spyker Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, GrandPrix.com, September 9, 2006
  108. ^ "Spyker considers selling F1 team". autosport.com. 2007-08-14. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  109. ^ "Mallya and Mol set for Spyker takeover". F1. 2007-09-03. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyker_N.V.