Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Sivakasi

For the film, see Sivakasi (film).

Sivakasi
Little Japan of India
Municipal corporation
Kasi Viswanathar temple in Sivakasi, after which the city is named
Kasi Viswanathar temple in Sivakasi, after which the city is named
Nickname(s): 
Little Japan of India, Cracker City of India
Sivakasi is located in Tamil Nadu
Sivakasi
Sivakasi
Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu
Sivakasi is located in India
Sivakasi
Sivakasi
Sivakasi (India)
Coordinates: 9°27′12″N 77°48′09″E / 9.453300°N 77.802400°E / 9.453300; 77.802400
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
DistrictVirudhunagar
Revenue DivisionSivakasi
TalukSivakasi
Founded byHarikesari Parakkirama Pandian
Named forThe deity Shiva and the city Kashi (Varanasi)
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodySivakasi Corporation
Area
 • Total
19.89 km2 (7.68 sq mi)
Elevation
127 m (417 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total
126,402
 • Density6,400/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
DemonymSivakasian Sivakasikaran
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
626123, 626124, 626189, 626130
Telephone code04562
Vehicle registrationTN 67, TN 84, TN 95
Websitevirudhunagar.nic.in

Sivakasi is a city in Virudhunagar District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The city is known for firecrackers and match factories that produce 70% of the country's output. The printing industries in Sivakasi produce 30% of the total diaries produced in India. The industries in Sivakasi employ over 25,000 people and the estimated turnover of the firecracker, match making and printing industries in the city is around ₹20 billion (US$240 million). The major issues in the city are the frequent accidents in the firecracker factories and the high level of child labour.

Sivakasi was established in the 15th century during the reign of the Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian. The city was a part of Madurai and has been ruled at various times by Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, Carnatic kingdom and the British. A major riot during the British Raj took place in 1899.

Sivakasi has a dry weather, making it suitable for dry crops like cotton, chillies and millets. Badhrkali Amman temple is the most prominent landmark of Sivakasi, and the temple festivals constitute the major festivals of the city. AJ and Hatsun Indoor Stadium has a coaching center for badminton and is the major sporting venue of the city. Sivakasi is a part of Sivakasi constituency and elects its member of legislative assembly every five years, and a part of the Virudhunagar constituency that elects its member of parliament. Sivakasi is locally administered by a municipal corporation which covers an area of 6.8 km2 (2.6 sq mi). Roadways is the major mode of transport to the city, while it has also got rail connectivity. As of 2021, Sivakasi has an estimated population of 160,047.[2]

History

Sivakasi was established during the early 15th century CE. Between 1428 and 1460, a Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian ruled the southern part of Madurai region (comprising modern-day Sivakasi and its surroundings). Hindu legend relates that he wanted to construct a temple for the Hindu god Shiva at Tenkasi and went to Kasi to bring a lingam (an iconic representation of Shiva). While returning to his palace with the prized lingam, he rested under the grove of a vilva tree, the favourite tree of Shiva. When a cow carrying the lingam refused to move from the spot, the king realised that the wishes of Shiva were different from his own, and he placed the lingam in the place where the cow halted. The place where the "Shiva lingam brought from Kasi" was installed came to be known as Sivakasi.[3][4] Sivakasi was a part of the Madurai region during the 16th century. Madurai became independent from the Vijayanagar Empire in 1559 under the Nayaks.[5] Nayak rule ended in 1736 and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by Chanda Sahib (1740–1754), Arcot Nawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan (1725–1764) in the middle of the 18th century.[6] In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the British East India Company and was annexed to the Madras Presidency.[7]

The mutual confrontation between the Maravars and Nadars reached its peak in 1899, leading to a series of riots which became known as the Sivakasi riots. A total of 22 people were killed, as many as 800 houses and the Big Chariot in the center of the city (used by the temple during festivals) were burnt during the riots. Eventually, the riots came to an end after the intervention of the military in mid-July 1899.[8][9][10][11]

The Sivakasi municipality was established in 1920. After India's independence from the British in 1947, Sivakasi continued to be a municipality under the Madras state and later a part of Tamil Nadu, when the state was split on linguistic lines during 1953, 1956 and 1960 and renamed in 1968.[12] It was promoted to a second-grade municipality in 1978, first-grade in 1978, selection-grade in 1998, special-grade in 2013 and proposed to be upgraded as municipal corporation in 2017. On 31-December-2020, both Sivakasi and Thiruthangal are merged with a view to promote Sivakasi as municipal corporation. It is declared as Municipal Corporation on 24-August-2021 in Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.[a][13] Over the decades after independence, Sivakasi grew as an industrial city specialising in firecracker, match and printing industries. Several incidents of fire and explosions have occurred in the fireworks factories.

Geography

Sivakasi is located at 9°27′00″N 77°49′00″E / 9.45°N 77.8167°E / 9.45; 77.8167[14] and has an average elevation of 101 metres (331 feet). The city is located in Virudhunagar district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of 74 km (46 mi) from Madurai.[15] Sivakasi is located to the east of Western Ghats and to the west of Sattur. The topography is almost plain, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the city. The soil types are black and red that are conducive to cotton, chillies, and millets. These crops are predominant because of poor groundwater supply and soil type. Sivakasi experiences hot and dry weather throughout the year. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39 °C (102 °F) to a minimum of 23 °C (73 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Sivakasi receives scanty rainfall with an average of 812 mm (32.0 in) annually, which is lesser than the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The Southwest monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. The bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December.[15][16] The average humidity of the city is 76.2% and varies between 65.6% to 79.2%. The municipality covers an area of 6.8 km2 (6,800,000 m2).[15]

Demographics

Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 85.42%
Muslim
 
 9.21%
Christian
 
 5.2%
Sikh
 
 0.01%
Jain
 
 0.06%
Other
 
 0.08%
No religion
 
 0.01%

According to 2011 census, Sivakasi had a population of 71,040 with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[19] A total of 6,963 were under the age of six, constituting 3,474 males and 3,489 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 8.35% and 0.25% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the city was 79.62%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[19] The city had a total of 18,952 households. There were a total of 29,342 workers, comprising 22 cultivators, 135 main agricultural labourers, 955 in household industries, 27,662 other workers, 568 marginal workers, 6 marginal cultivators, 3 marginal agricultural labourers, 79 marginal workers in household industries and 480 other marginal workers.[20]

As per the religious census of 2011, Sivakasi had 85.42% Hindus, 9.21% Muslims, 5% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.06% Jains, 0.08% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[21]

In 2001, 16 slums were identified in the city and a total of 34,029 people resided in the slums. The slum population increased from 42% to 47% during the period of 1991–2001.[22] The high decadal growth of population during the 1961–71 period is attributed to the high level of industrialisation during the period. The density of population increased from 9,646 persons per km2 in 1991 to 10,613 persons per km2 in 2001. The wards along the Virudhunagar, Sattur, Srivilliputhur and Vembakottai corridors have registered increased commercial and residential activity.[23]

Majority of the residents are engaged in the secondary sector involving match works, fireworks, and printing industry. During the 2001 census, the occupational pattern indicated the increasing presence of the tertiary sector. The agricultural output of the city is limited, due to the lack of favourable geographical and climatic conditions.[24]

Municipal administration and politics

Municipality officials
Mayor I Sangeetha [25]
Deputy Mayor Vignesh Priya[25]
Chairman Dr. V.K Kathiravan
Commissioner S. Murugan[26]
Vice-chairman K.A.A.Asan Badurudeen[27]
Elected members
Member of Legislative Assembly A. M. S. G. Ashokan[28]
Member of Parliament Manicka Tagore[29]

The Sivakasi municipality has 33 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[30] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[31] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members, one each from the 33 wards.[32] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[33] On 24 August 2021, the government announced the upgrading of Sivakasi city to Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation.[34]

Sivakasi comes under the Sivakasi assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[35] From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat five times (in 1980, 1984,1991,2011 and 2016 elections); Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) twice (1996, 2001). The seat was won once by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1989), Janata Party (1977), and Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK, 2006).[36] The current MLA of the constituency is AMSG. ASHOKAN from Indian National Congress.[28]

During the 1957 elections, Sivakasi was a part of Srivilliputhur constituency and was held by the Indian National Congress and an independent after the by-elections.[37] During the 1962 elections, the city was a part of Aruppukkottai constituency and was held by the Forward Block party.[38] Since 1967, the city has been a part of Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency; the constituency was won by AIADMK five times (1980,[39] 1984,[40] 1989,[41] 1991,[42] and 2014),[29] MDMK three times (1998,[43] 1999,[44] and 2004[45]), and once each by Swathanthara Party (1967),[46] DMK (1971),[47] INC (1977),[48] and Communist Party of India (CPI, 1996).[49] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Manicka Tagore from the Indian National Congress.[29]

Law and order in the city are maintained by the Sivakasi subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are three police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.[50]

Education and utility services

Image of the town with mosque amidst a housing locality
View of the city

In 2011, there were five government schools: two primary schools, one middle school, one high school and one higher secondary school. There were ten other private schools in the city. There were two engineering colleges in the city, with the Mepco Schlenk Engineering College being prominent among them. There were three arts and science colleges and three polytechnic colleges in the city.[51] Sri Kaliswari College is located within the city.[52] Electricity supply to Sivakasi is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs forms the Sivakasi Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[53] Water supply is provided by the Sivakasi Municipality from the Vaippar river through eight reservoirs and six feeders located in various parts of the city. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 6.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.[54]

As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Sivakasi every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Sivakasi municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the city by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% in 2001.[55] There is no underground drainage system in the city and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[56] The municipality maintained a total of 85.87 km (53.36 mi) of storm water drains in 2011.[57] In 2011, there was one government hospital, three municipal health centres, one municipal maternity home and 25 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens.[58][59] In 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 2,584 street lamps: 322 sodium lamps, 125 mercury vapour lamps, 2,136 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp.[60] The municipality operates two markets, namely the Anna Daily Market and Viswanatham Municipal Meat Market that cater to the needs of the city and the rural areas around it.[61]

Economy

image of a street with shops in twilight
Busy street in Sivakasi

The economy of Sivakasi is dependent on three major industries: firecrackers, matchbox manufacturing, and printing.[62] The city has 520 registered printing industries, 53 match factories, 32 chemical factories, seven soda factories, four flour mills and two rice and oil mills. The city is the nodal center for firecracker manufacturing at the national level. In 2020 there are around 1070 registered firecracker manufacturing companies in sivakasi and 8 lakh (800,000) people were directly and indirectly employed by the industry. Some of the private enterprises had an annual turnover of ₹5 billion (US$60 million). In 2011, the combined estimated turnover of the firecracker, matchbox making and printing industry in the city was around ₹20 billion (US$240 million). Approximately 70% of the firecrackers and matches produced in India are from Sivakasi. The hot and dry climate of the city is conducive to the firecracker and matchbox making industries. The raw materials for these industries were procured from Sattur earlier but were discontinued due to the high power and production cost. The source of raw materials is Kerala and Andaman. The paper for the printing industry is procured from various states.[15][59] The city is a major producer of diaries, contributing to 30% of the total diaries produced in India. Printing industry in the city was initially utilized for printing labels for the firecrackers and later evolved with modern machinery to grow as a printing hub. In 2012, all the industries suffered 15–20% production loss due to power shortage and escalating labor cost.[63]

Sutli Bomb class Firecrackers being made

The major issues in the fireworks industry in Sivakasi is child labour and frequent accidents. In a blast in 1991 in a factory, 39 people were killed and 65 others were injured.[64] In July 2009, more than 40 people were killed in a fire accident in a firecracker unit. The police traced out unregistered units and irregularities that led to the accident.[65] In a fire accident in August 2011, seven people were killed and five were seriously injured.[66] A similar fire accident and blast in a private unit in September 2012 killed 40 people and injured 38 others.[67] The common reasons cited for the accidents are inadequate training of workers and supervisors involved in different stages of production and marketing of firecracker items.[64] Other reasons are found to be overstocking of explosives, raw material and finished goods, and employment of workers in excess of the permitted strength.[68]

Child labour in the industries, especially in matchbox making factories, was at its peak during the 1970s and 1980s.[69] In 1981, the child workforce in the age group 4–16 was 30% of the total workforce, 90% of whom were girls. In 1986, the National Child Labour project estimated child labour in Sivakasi matchbox making industries to be 14,121 children. The estimates indicated 80% of the child labour belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC), who were marginalised for centuries for cheap labour.[70] Poverty and lack of farm produce were stated as the main reason for child labour.[71] The employers also preferred children because of ease of management, discipline, and lack of labour unions.[72] The children in these industries suffered from a backache, neckache, tuberculosis, malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatitis, respiratory disorders, over-exhaustion, burn injuries and water-borne diseases due to exposure to harmful chemicals in the work environment.[69] The situation of the child labour came to light during an accident of a bus transporting the children in 1976. The central government appointed a one-man committee under Harbans Singh in 1978, who reported abolishing child labour would seriously impact the economy of the region.[64][73] The National Policy on child labour was formulated by the central government in August 1987, aiming at the rehabilitation of children withdrawn from these factories.[74] In 1988, the union labour ministry initiated a programme for providing informal education, free healthcare and free lunch for children working in the factories.[75] The Supreme Court of India, in a judgement, ruled in December 1996 indicating provisions for preventing child labour like compensation for the child employed, employment to the adult members of the family and contribution to the corpus fund by the state government.[74] From the establishment of child labour Act in 1986 till 2011, 150,000 inspections on child labour have been conducted in the factories, 1,500 cases have been registered and few prosecutions have been made. The results indicated a small amount of child labour in the cottage and household industries.[76]

Transportation

Sivakasi Bus Stand

The Sivakasi municipality maintains 65.151 km (40.483 mi) of the road. The city has 13.035 km (8.100 mi) concrete road and 52.116 km (32.383 mi) bituminous road. A total of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department.[77] Four major roads connect the city with Sattur, Virudhunagar, Srivilliputhur and Vembakottai; there are no bypass roads around the city. There are eight major intersections located across different parts in these major roads.[78]

Sivakasi Railway Station

Sivakasi is served by city bus service, which provides connectivity within the city and the suburbs. Minibus service operated by private companies cater to the local transport needs.[78] The city bus routes to surrounding villages are to Puliparaipatti, Thayilpatti, Madathupatti Vilampatti, Alangulam, Vilampatti, Alangulam, M.Pudupatti, Alamarathupatti, Sengamalapatti, Muthalipatti, and Meenampatti.[79] The main bus stand covers an area of 1.39 acres (5,600 m2) and is located in the heart of the city.[80] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates daily services connecting various cities to Sivakasi.[81] The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the city to important cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Tiruppur and Thoothukudi.[82] The major intercity bus routes from the city are to cities like Madurai, Chennai, Erode, Karur, Coimbatore, Karaikudi, Dindigul, Trichy, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, Sankarankovil, Sengottai, Rajapalayam, Tenkasi, Kovilpatti, Tiruppur, Dharapuram, Oddanchatram, Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur, Nagercoil and Tirunelveli. Being an industrial city, there is significant truck transport with around 400–450 trucks entering the city for loading and unloading activities daily. Three wheelers, called autos are also a common public transport system.[78]

Sivakasi railway station is located in the rail head from Madurai to Sengottai. It connects Tamil Nadu with Kerala through Rajapalayam and Sengottai. The Podhigai Express connects Sivakasi to Sengottai and Chennai Egmore in either directions. All other express trains ply from Virudunagar station. There are also passenger trains running either direction from Madurai to Shencottah.[83] There is another railway station at Thiruthangal, which caters to the locality of Thiruthangal, where passenger trains, Podhigai Express and Silambu Express stops.[citation needed]

Nearby international airport is Madurai international Airport situated in 70km away.

Culture

Arulmigu Viswanatha Swamy Temple is the important ancient temple in Sivakasi built by Pandya King Arikesari Parakkirama Pandian between 1428 and 1460 during his reigns.

Badhrakali Amman temple is one of the prominent temple of Sivakasi.[84][85] The tower or Rajagopuram of this temple has a breadth of 66 ft (20 m), a width of 44 ft (13 m) and a height of 110 ft (34 m). "Panguni Pongal" and "Chithirai Pongal" are the annual festivals celebrated for the deities Mariamman and Badrakali Amman in April and May, respectively, both of which are celebrated for ten days.[3]

Periya Palli Vasal mosque and Chinna Palli Vasal mosque are two of the most prominent mosques in the city. The CSI Regland Memorial Church is the prominent church.[84]

Notable people

Sports

AJ Indoor Stadium on Velayutham Road, a coaching center for badminton, table tennis, and basketball. This is a major sporting venue in Sivakasi. Many district, state and national level badminton championship matches are held in this stadium.[86]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.

Citations

  1. ^ "Sivakasi Corporation". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  2. ^ https://www.tniuscbe.org/download/go/go2209.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  3. ^ a b "Sivakasi History". Sivakasi Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  4. ^ Subramaniam, Neela. Om Namah Shivaya. Chennai: Young Kids Press. p. 4. ISBN 81-7478-510-8. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.
  5. ^ V., Vriddhagirisan (1995) [1942], Nayaks of Tanjore, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, p. 115, ISBN 81-206-0996-4
  6. ^ Harman, William. P (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–36. ISBN 978-81-208-0810-2. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016.
  7. ^ Markovits, Claude (2004), A History of Modern India, 1480–1950, London: Wimbledon Publishing Company, p. 253, ISBN 1-84331-152-6, archived from the original on 31 December 2013
  8. ^ Hardgrave, Robert (1969). The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 118. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017.
  9. ^ "Current Topics". Star. Christchurch, New Zealand. 1 August 1899. p. 4. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  10. ^ Clothey, Fred W. (2006). Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity And Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora. University of South California. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9781570036477. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017.
  11. ^ Kent, Eliza F. (2004). Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN 0-19-516507-1. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016.
  12. ^ "Pratiyogita Darpan". 1 (6). Agra: Pratiyogita Darpan. December 2006: 984. 69UU-BLQ-HU3R. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "Dindigul, Thanjavur to be upgraded as corporations". The Hindu. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  14. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Sivakasi". Falling Rain Genomics Inc. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008.
  15. ^ a b c d "About city". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  16. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 7
  17. ^ "Area and Population". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  18. ^ "Sivakasi population".
  19. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  20. ^ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Sivakasi". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  21. ^ "Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  22. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 62
  23. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 8
  24. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 12
  25. ^ a b "First Mayor". 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Commissioner of municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  27. ^ "Vice Chairman of municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  28. ^ a b "MLA of Sivakasi". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  29. ^ a b c "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  30. ^ "About the municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  31. ^ "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  32. ^ "Councillors of municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  33. ^ "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ Shanmughasundaram, J. (24 August 2021). "Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  35. ^ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  36. ^ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  37. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  38. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  39. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 79. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  40. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  41. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  42. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  43. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  44. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  45. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  46. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  47. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  48. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  49. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  50. ^ "Sivakasi Police". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  51. ^ "Educational Institutions". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  52. ^ "Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous)". kaliswaricollege.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  53. ^ "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  54. ^ "Water Supply Details". Sivakasi Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  55. ^ "Waste management programme". Sivakasi Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  56. ^ "Sivakasi sewarage". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. ^ "Storm water drains of Sivakasi". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  58. ^ "Sivakasi hospitals". Sivakasi municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  59. ^ a b Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 12–13
  60. ^ "Sivakasi street lights". Sivakasi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  61. ^ "Sivakasi markets". Sivakasi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  62. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 1
  63. ^ "Sivakasi set to welcome 2013 with diaries". The Times of India. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  64. ^ a b c "Surprise inspections 'key to Sivakasi safety'". The Hindu. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  65. ^ "Fire incident claims more than 40 lives". Zee News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  66. ^ "Toll in Sivakasi cracker unit fire rises to seven". The Hindu. 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  67. ^ "12 held for Sivakasi blast; State, Centre order probe". The Hindu. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  68. ^ "The licence was suspended only the day before". The Hindu. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  69. ^ a b Kitchlu 1996, pp. 39–40
  70. ^ Kitchlu 1996, p. 13
  71. ^ Kitchlu 1996, p. 65
  72. ^ Weiner 1991, p. 41
  73. ^ Weiner 1991, p. 25
  74. ^ a b Sharma, Usha (2006). Child Labour in India. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 153–154. ISBN 81-8324-076-3. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  75. ^ Weiner 1991, p. 27
  76. ^ "Child Labour Act requires more teeth". The Hindu. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  77. ^ "Sivakasi roads". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  78. ^ a b c Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 40–43
  79. ^ "Sivakasi bus routes". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  80. ^ "Sivakasi bus stand". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  81. ^ "S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres". Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  82. ^ "Bus service to Tuticorin and Sivakasi". The Hindu. 27 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  83. ^ "Provide facilities at railway station". The Hindu. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  84. ^ a b "Visitor attracts at Sivakasi". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  85. ^ Anantharaman, Ambujam (2006). Temples of South India. East West Books (Madras). p. 182. ISBN 978-81-88661-42-8.
  86. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

References

Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivakasi