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Sippar

Sippar
Sippar
Sippar is located in Iraq
Sippar
Shown within Iraq
LocationBaghdad Governorate, Iraq
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates33°03′32″N 44°15′08″E / 33.058829°N 44.252153°E / 33.058829; 44.252153 (Sippar)
Typesettlement
History
PeriodsEarly Dynastic, Old Babylonian, Kassite, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian
Site notes
Excavation dates1880-1881, 1894, 1972-1973, 1978-2002
ArchaeologistsHormuzd Rassam, Jean-Vincent Scheil, H. Gasche, Walid al-Jadir

Sippar (Sumerian: 𒌓𒄒𒉣𒆠, Zimbir) (also Sippir or Sippara) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river. Its tell is located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah near Yusufiyah in Iraq's Baghdad Governorate, some 69 km (43 mi) north of Babylon and 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Baghdad. The city's ancient name, Sippar, could also refer to its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum (located at the modern site of Tell ed-Der); a more specific designation for the city here referred to as Sippar was Sippar-Yaḫrurum (Sippar-Jaḫrurum). The name comes from the Amorite Yaḫrurum tribe that lived in the area along with the Amorite Amnanum tribe.[1] In Sippar was the site where the Babylonian Map of the World was found.[2]

History

Clay tablet and its sealed clay envelope. Legal document, listing of land and their distribution to several sons. From Sippar, Iraq. Old-Babylonian period. Reign of Sin-Muballit, 1812-1793 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Despite the fact that thousands of cuneiform clay tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar. In the Sumerian king list a king of Sippar, En-men-dur-ana, is listed as one of the early pre-dynastic rulers of the region but has not yet turned up in the epigraphic records.

Hammurabi's Babylonia 1

While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic and Akkadian Empire periods of the 3rd millennium BC, the Old Babylonian and Kassite periods of the 2nd millennium BC, and the Neo-Babylonian times of the 1st millennium BC. Lesser levels of use continued into the time of the Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian Empires.[3][4]

Sippar was the cult site of the sun god (Sumerian Utu, Akkadian Shamash), along with his consort Aya, and the home of his temple E-babbara (𒂍𒌓𒌓𒊏, means "white house") where the Cruciform Monument of Manishtushu was found.[5] Mamu, the daughter of Shamash, also had a temple in Sippar as did the goddesses Nin-Isina, Ninḫegal, Ninkarrak, and Tašmētum.[6]

In the later part of the 3rd millennium BC, a large coalition of city-states led by Iphur-Kis of Kish (Sumer) and Amar-Girid of Uruk, joined by Enlil-nizu of Nippur, and including the city-states of "Kutha, TiWA, Sippar, Kazallu, Kiritab, [Api]ak and GN" as well as "Amorite [hi]ghlanders" revolted against Akkadian Empire ruler Naram-Sin of Akkad. The rebellion was joined by the city of Borsippa, among others. The revolt was crushed.[7]

During early Babylonian dynasties, Sippar was the production center of wool. The Code of Hammurabi stele was probably erected at Sippar. Shamash was the god of justice, and he is depicted handing authority to the king in the image at the top of the stele. By the end of the 19th century BC, Sippar was producing some of the finest Old Babylonian cylinder seals.[8]

In his 29th year of reign, Sumu-la-El of Babylon reported building the city wall of Sippar. Some years later Hammurabi of Babylon reported laying the foundations of the city wall of Sippar in his 23rd year and worked on the wall again in his 43rd year. His successor in Babylon, Samsu-iluna worked on Sippar's wall in his 1st year. The city walls, being typically made of mud bricks, required much attention. The city then came under the control of the Kassite dynasty. In the final years of that dynasty the Elamite ruler Shutruk-Nakhunte (c. 1184 to 1155 BC) captured Sippar. It was held by the Elamites until it was taken by the Neo-Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar I about 1120 BC. Shutruk-Nakhunte carried back statues from the Shamash temple to Susa adding his own inscription to a stele of the Akkadian Empire ruler Naram-Sin:

"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."[9]

In the succeeding Late Bronze Age collapse period, in the reign of Neo-Babylonian ruler Adad-apla-iddina (c. 1064–1043 BC) the Shamash cult center along with all the other temples in Sippar were destroyed by Suteans and cult symbol of Shamash was lost.[10][11]

In the early 1st millennium BC, Sippar came under Neo-Assyrian control.[12] After the final defeat of the Neo-Assyrians by the Neo-Babylonians at the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC text report that a number of Egyptian and Assyrian prisoners were brought to Sippar as chattel.[13][14] Records of Neo-Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) and Nabonidos (556-539 BC) record that they repaired the Shamash temple E-babbara.[15]

After the Battle of Opis in September 539 BC Sippar surrendered to the Achaemenid Empire, followed soon after by the fall of the Neo-Babylonian empire.[16]

Speculation

Xisuthros, the "Chaldean Noah" in Sumerian mythology, is said by Berossus to have buried the records of the antediluvian world here—possibly because the name of Sippar was supposed to be connected with sipru, "a writing".[17] And according to Abydenus, Nebuchadnezzar II excavated a great reservoir in the neighbourhood.[18]

Pliny (Natural History 6.30.123) mentions a sect of Chaldeans called the Hippareni. It is often assumed that this name refers to Sippar (especially because the other two schools mentioned seem to be named after cities as well: the Orcheni after Uruk, and the Borsippeni after Borsippa), but this is not universally accepted.[19]

Sippar has been suggested as the location of the Biblical Sepharvaim in the Old Testament, which alludes to the two parts of the city in its dual form.[20]

Archaeology

Si.427 Obverse
Si.427 Reverse
Si.427, a tablet excavated in Sippar in 1894, depicting a land survey. A mathematical text dealing with the surface area of a field divided into 11 pieces.[21][22]
Hammurabi clay cone from Sippar at Louvre

Tell Abu Habba, measuring over 1 square kilometer was first excavated by Hormuzd Rassam (referring to the site as Aboo-Habba) between 1880 and 1881 for the British Museum in a dig that lasted 18 months. Rassam excavated only down to the Old Babylonian levels and was focused mainly on the Neo-Babylonian remains.[23] Tens of thousands of tablets were recovered including the Tablet of Shamash in the Temple of Shamash/Utu. Most of the tablets were Neo-Babylonian.[24][25][26] The temple had been mentioned as early as the 18th year of Samsu-iluna of Babylon, who reported restoring "Ebabbar, the temple of Szamasz in Sippar", along with the city's ziggurat.

The tablets, which ended up in the British Museum, are being studied to this day. As was often the case in the early days of archaeology, excavation records were not made, particularly find spots. This makes it difficult to tell which tablets came from Sippar-Amnanum as opposed to Sippar.[27] Other tablets from Sippar were bought on the open market during that time and ended up at places like the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania.[28][29] Since the site is relatively close to Baghdad, it was a popular target for illegal excavations.[30]

In 1894, Sippar was worked briefly by Jean-Vincent Scheil.[31] The tablets recovered, mainly Old Babylonian, went to the Istanbul Museum.[32] In 1927 archaeologists Walter Andrae and Julius Jordan visited, and mapped, the site.[33] In modern times, the site was worked, mainly soundings, by a Belgian team led by H. Gasche from 1972 to 1973.[34] They determined that Sippar was protected by a wall, partially for flood protection, extending 1200 meters by 800 meters, cutting a trench across it. A tablet of Samsu-iluna was found showing the wall dated back to at least Old Babylonian period though ground water prevented deeper excavation.[35]

Old Babylonian Cylinder Seal, hematite. The king makes an animal offering to Shamash. The style of this seal suggests that it originated from a workshop in Sippar[36]

Iraqi archaeologists from the College of Arts at the University of Baghdad, led by Walid al-Jadir with Farouk al-Rawi, have excavated at Tell Abu Habbah starting in 1978. Work began with a new site contour map and excavation in the Old Babylonian area in the north where two buildings were uncovered. About 100 Old Babylonian period cuneiform tablets were found.[37] Subsequently, the team worked in an Old Babylonian residential area where terracotta plaques and figurines, and cuneiform tablets were found. The tablets were from the reign of Immerum, Buntahun-ila, and Samsu-iluna. Focus then shifted to the Shamash temple area.[38][39] In the northeast, Old Babylonian, part of the site, a 30 meter by 5 meter deep sounding was excavated. The sounding found 4 Old Babylonian levels, 2 Akkadian Empire levels, and 3 Early Dynastic levels ( with plano-convex mud brick construction).[40][41] In 1986, while clearing spoil from the Rassam excavation in the E-Babbar temple, a room was discovered which Rassam had not noticed. It contained a library with about 400 cuneiform tablets, which had been stored in 10 ranks of 17cm by 30cm niches in 4 rows. The tablets included copies of earlier inscriptions dating back to the Akkadian Empire and contemporary texts as late as the reign of Cambyses II.[42][43] Few of the tablets were published at the time due to conditions in Iraq. With conditions improving, they are now being published.[44][45][46][47][48][49] After 2000, they were joined by the German Archaeological Institute. In total, the effort continued in 24 seasons until 2002.[50][51][52]

  • Map of the World from Sippar, Mesopotamia, Iraq. 6th century BCE. The British Museum
    Map of the World from Sippar, Mesopotamia, Iraq. 6th century BCE. The British Museum
  • Tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina, 9th century BCE, from Sippar, Iraq. British Museum
    Tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina, 9th century BCE, from Sippar, Iraq. British Museum
  • Detail, Sun God Tablet from Sippar, Iraq, 9th century BCE. British Museum
    Detail, Sun God Tablet from Sippar, Iraq, 9th century BCE. British Museum
  • Detail, Kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125-1104 BCE. British Museum
    Detail, Kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125-1104 BCE. British Museum

List of rulers

The following list should not be considered complete:

# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Early Dynastic I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BC)
Predynastic Sumer (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BC)

"Then Larak fell and the kingship was taken to Sippar."

— Sumerian King List (SKL)
1st En-men-dur-ana
𒂗𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾 		Uncertain, reigned c. 2820 BC
(21,000 years)
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Sippar; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer
  • Known from the SKL; very little otherwise
  • Historicity uncertain

"1 king; he ruled for 21,000 years. Then Sippar fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppak."

— SKL
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Old Babylonian period (c. 2000 – c. 1000 BC)
Amorite dynasty (c. 2000 – c. 1000 BC)
Altinu'u Uncertain
  • Historicity certain
Bunu-tahtun-ila Uncertain
  • Historicity certain
Immerum reigned c. 1880 – c. 1845 BC
  • Historicity certain
Sin-bani Uncertain
  • Historicity certain

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Yuhong, Wu, and Stephanie Dalley, "The Origins of the Manana Dynasty at Kish, and the Assyrian King List", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 159–65, 1990
  2. ^ Horowitz, Wayne, "The Babylonian Map of the World", Iraq, vol. 50, pp. 147-165, 1988
  3. ^ MacGinnis, John, Jon McGinnis, and Cornelia Wunsch, "The arrows of the sun: armed forces in Sippar in the first millennium BC". Islet-Verlag, 2012 ISBN 9783980846653
  4. ^ Clayden, Tim, "Dūr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives", Volume 2 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 437-478, 2017
  5. ^ MacGinnis, John, "The Šatammu of Sippar", Die Welt des Orients, pp. 21-26, 1995
  6. ^ [1]Asher-Greve, Julia M., and Joan Goodnick Westenholz, "Goddesses in context: on divine powers, roles, relationships and gender in Mesopotamian textual and visual sources", Vol. 259. Academic Press/Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013
  7. ^ Steve Tinney, A New Look at Naram-Sin and the "Great Rebellion", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 47, pp. 1-14, 1995
  8. ^ Collon, Dominique (2005). First impressions : cylinder seals in the ancient Near East ([Rev. ed.] ed.). London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1136-8. OCLC 63186269.
  9. ^ Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. ISBN 9781118718230.
  10. ^ A. Goetze, "An Inscription of Simbar-šīḫu", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 19 (4), pp. 121–135, 1965
  11. ^ Brinkman, J. A., "A Note on the Shamash Cult at Sippar in the Eleventh Century B.C.", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 183–84, 1976
  12. ^ Da-Riva, Rocío, "Sippar in the Reign of Sîn-šum-līšir (626 BC)", Altorientalische Forschungen 28.1, pp. 40-64, 2001
  13. ^ Bongenaar, Arminius CVM, and Ben JJ Haring, "Egyptians in neo-Babylonian Sippar", Journal of cuneiform studies 46.1, pp. 59-72, 1994
  14. ^ Mac-Ginnis, John, "Assyrians after the Fall: Evidence from the Ebabbar of Sippar", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 781-796 2017
  15. ^ [2]Jastrow, Morris, "Nebopolassar and the Temple to the Sun-God at Sippar", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 15, pp. 65-86, 1899
  16. ^ Kuhrt, A., "The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period", Routledge, 2007
  17. ^ [3]Ward, William Hayes, "Sippara", Hebraica, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 79–86, 1886
  18. ^ Dalley, Stephanie, "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled", Iraq, vol. 56, pp. 45–58, 1994
  19. ^ Barnett, R. D., "Xenophon and the Wall of Media", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 83, pp. 1–26, 1963
  20. ^ G. R. Driver, "Geographical Problems", Eretz Israel, vol. 5, pp. 18-20, 1958
  21. ^ Mansfield, Daniel F. (January 2020). "Perpendicular Lines and Diagonal Triples in Old Babylonian Surveying". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 72: 87–99. doi:10.1086/709309. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_68848. S2CID 224837017.
  22. ^ Beek, Martinus Adrianus (1973). Symbolae Biblicae Et Mesopotamicae Francisco Mario Theodoro de Liagre Böhl Dedicatae. Brill Publishers. p. 379.
  23. ^ [4]Hormuzd Rassam, "Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, [etc.]...", Curts & Jennings, 1897
  24. ^ Leichty, E., "Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum. Volume VI: Tablets from Sippar 1", London, 1986
  25. ^ Leichty, E. and A. K. Grayson, "Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Volume VII: Tablets from Sippar 2", London, 1987
  26. ^ Erie Leichty et al., Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Volume VII: Tablets from Sippar 3, British Museum Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-7141-1124-4
  27. ^ Goddeeris, Anne (2002). Economy and society in northern Babylonia in the early old Babylonian period (ca. 2000-1800 BC). Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 90-429-1123-9. OCLC 50207588.
  28. ^ [5]Hermann Ranke, Babylonian Legal and Business Documents from the Time of the First Dynasty of Babylon; Chiefly from Sippar, University of Pennsylvania, 1906 (reprinted by Nabu Press ISBN 1-144-69277-6)
  29. ^ Lerberghe, Karel van (1986). Old Babylonian legal and administrative texts from Philadelphia. Marten Stol, Gabriela Voet. Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek. ISBN 90-6831-063-1. OCLC 18962321.
  30. ^ E. A. Budge, "By Nile and Tigris: A Narrative of Journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on Behalf of the British Museum Between the Years 1886 and 1913", John Murray, 1920
  31. ^ [6]V. Scheil, "Une Saison de fouilles a Sippar", Le Caire, 1902
  32. ^ [7]Adalı, Selim Ferruh, and Frahm Eckart, "The Slave-Girl's Child: A" Literary" Fragment from the Istanbul Sippar Archive", Aula Orientalis, pp. 5-17, 2021
  33. ^ Andrae, W., and J. Jordan, "Abu Habbah: Sippar", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 51–59, 1934
  34. ^ "Excavations in Iraq 1972-73", Iraq, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 188–204, 1973
  35. ^ Tell ed-Dēr : sounding at Abū Ḥabbah (Sippar). Leon de Meyer. Leeuven: Peeters. 1980. ISBN 2-8017-0160-2. OCLC 8165805.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  36. ^ Al-Gailani Werr, L., "Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals", Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, vol. 23, 1988
  37. ^ "Excavations in Iraq, 1977-78", Iraq, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 141–81, 1979
  38. ^ "Excavations in Iraq, 1981-82", Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
  39. ^ [8]Lamia al-Gailani and Walid al-Jadir, Seal Impressions from Sippar, Sumer, vol. 37, pp. 129-144, 1981
  40. ^ "Excavations in Iraq, 1983-84", Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 215–39, 1985
  41. ^ Jadir, W. al- and Abdullah, Z. R., "Preliminary Results of the University of Baghdad Excavation of Sippar (Abu Habbah), Seasons 1978-1983", Sumer 39, pp. 97–122, 1983 (in Arabic)
  42. ^ "Excavations in Iraq 1985-86", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 231–51, 1987
  43. ^ "Excavations in Iraq 1987-88", Iraq, vol. 51, pp. 249–65, 1989
  44. ^ Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library I: Two Babylonian Classics", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 109.2, pp. 155-176, 2019
  45. ^ Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library II: The Epic of Creation", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 111.2, pp. 191-230, 2021
  46. ^ Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library III:‘Eriš šummi’, a Syncretistic Hymn to Marduk", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 112.2, pp. 229-274, 2022
  47. ^ Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library IV: A “Macranthropic” Hymn to Ninurta", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 113.2, pp. 193-215, 2023
  48. ^ Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. (2000). Old Babylonian texts from private houses at Abu Habbah ancient Sippir : Baghdad University excavations. Stephanie Dalley. London: NABU. ISBN 1-897750-07-2. OCLC 47677571.
  49. ^ W. al-Jadir and Z. Rajib, "Archaeological Results from the Eighth Season at Sippar", Sumer, vol. 46, pp. 69-90, 1990 (in Arabic)
  50. ^ Al-Rawi, Farouk Ν. H., "A New Old Babylonian Date List from Sippir with Year Names of Apil-Sin and Sîn-muballiț", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 22-30, 1993
  51. ^ Abdulillah Fadhil et al., "Ausgrabungen in Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah). Vorbericht über die Grabungsergebnisse der 24. Kampagne 2002", in Baghdader Mitteilungen (BaM) 36, pp. 157-224, 2005
  52. ^ Abdulillah Fadhil et. el., "Sippar - Results of prospecting 2004/24", Sumer, vol. LII, no. 1&2, pp. 294-357, 2004

Further reading

  • F. N. H. al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library I. The "Weidner Chronicle": A Suppositious Royal Letter concerning a Vision", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 1–15, 1990
  • F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library II. Tablet II of the Babylonian Creation Epic", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 149–158, 1990
  • F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library III. Two Royal Counterfeits", Iraq, vol. 56, pp. 135–149, 1994
  • Luc Dekier, "Old Babylonian real estate documents from Sippar in the British Museum", University of Ghent, 1994
  • F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library IV. Lugale", Iraq, vol. 57, pp. 199–224, 1995
  • Rivkah Harris, "Ancient Sippar : a demographic study of an old-Babylonian city, 1894-1595 B.C.", Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1975
  • Harris, Rivkah, "On Foreigners in Old Babylonian Sippar", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 70.2, pp. 145-152, 1976
  • John MacGinnis, "Letter orders from Sippar and the administration of the Ebabbara in the late-Babylonian period", Bonami, 1995, ISBN 83-85274-07-3
  • MacGinnis, John, "The Royal Establishment at Sippar in the 6th Century BC", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 198-219, 1994
  • F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library V. An Incantation from Mis Pi", Iraq, vol. 57, pp. 225–228, 1995
  • [9]F. N. H. Al-Rawi and Andrew George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library, VI. Atra-hasis", Iraq, vol. 58, pp. 147–190, 1996
  • A. C. V. M. Bongenaar, "The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar Temple at Sippar : its administration and its prosopography", Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1997, ISBN 90-6258-081-5
  • Bloch, Yigal, "Judeans in Sippar and Susa during the First Century of the Babylonian Exile: Assimilation and Perseverance under Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Rule", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 119-172, 2014
  • [10]F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library VII. Three wisdom texts", Iraq, vol. 60, pp. 187–206, 1998
  • Ivan Starr and F. N. H. Al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library VIII. Omens from the Gall-Bladder", Iraq, vol. 61, pp. 173–185, 1999
  • W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar library IX. A ziqpu-star planisphere", Iraq, vol. 63, pp. 171–181, 2001
  • F. N. H. al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar library X: A dedication of Zabaya of Larsa", Iraq, vol. 64, pp. 247–248, 2002
  • De Graef, Katrien, "Cherchez la femme!: The Economic Role of Women in Old Babylonian Sippar", The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, edited by Brigitte Lion and Cécile Michel, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 270-295, 2016
  • [11]Andrew George and Khalid Salim Ismail, "Tablets from the Sippar library, XI. The Babylonian almanac", Iraq, vol. 64, pp. 249–258, 2002
  • Greengus, Samuel, "New evidence on the Old Babylonian calendar and real estate documents from Sippar", Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp. 257-267, 2001
  • Nils P. Heeßel and Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library XII. A Medical Therapeutic Text", Iraq, vol. 65, pp. 221–239, 2003
  • [12]F. N. H. Al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library XIII: "Enūma Anu Ellil" XX", Iraq, vol. 68, pp. 23–57, 2006
  • Moore, Stephen A., "Ransom and Quittance in Early Old Babylonian Sippar: a New Text", Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 116.1, pp. 69-78, 2022
  • Theophilus Goldridge Pinches, "The Antiquities found by Mr. H. Rassam at Abu-habbah (Sippara)", Harrison and Sons, 1884
  • [13]Robert J. Lau, "The Abu Habba cylinder of Nabuna'id, v. Rawlinson pl. 64. Autographed text by Robert J. Lau, with an introd. and a glossary in English and German by J. Dyneley Prince", Leiden E.J. Brill, 1905
  • K. De Graef, "Many a mickle makes a muckle : advance payments in the Ur-Utu archive (Old Babylonian Sippar)", AKKADICA, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 1–51, 2016
  • Janssen, Caroline, "Thirteen bones and a skeleton: the location of Inanna-mansum's grave and material manifestations of the cult of the dead in Old Babylonian Sippar", Akkadica 143, pp. 59-100, 2022
  • Reinhard Pirngruber, "Minor Archives from First-Millennium Bce Babylonia: The Archive of Iššar-Tarībi from Sippar", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 72, pp. 165–198, 2020
  • [14]Richardson, Seth, "Hard Times for Sippar Women: Three Late Old Babylonian Cases", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 9.2, pp. 319-350, 2022
  • Tanret, Michel, "The seal of the sanga: on the Old Babylonian sangas of Šamaš of Sippar-Jaḫrūrum and Sippar-Amnānum", Vol. 40. Brill, 2010 ISBN 978-9004179585
  • [15]Van Koppen, Frans, and Denis Lacambre, "Sippar and the Frontier between Ešnunna and Babylon. New Sources for the History of Ešnunna in the Old Babylonian Period", Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 41, pp. 151-177, 2009
  • Verhulst, Astrid, "An Old Babylonian Seal from Sippar with Trading Owners", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 255–65, 2015
  • Zawadzki, Stefan, "Great Families of Sippar during the Chaldean and Early Persian Periods (626-482 BC)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, pp. 17-25, 1990
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippar