Scandinavian Airlines Flight 901

Flight 901 after overrun
Accident
Date	February 28, 1984 (1984-02-28)
Summary	SAS flight 901 overran runway 04R at KJFK
Site	650 ft (200 m) from Runway 04R at John F. Kennedy Airport
Aircraft
Aircraft type	McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
Aircraft name	Haakon Viking
Operator	Scandinavian Airlines
IATA flight No.	SK901
ICAO flight No.	SAS901
Call sign	SCANDINAVIAN 901
Registration	LN-RKB
Flight origin	Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Stockholm, Sweden
Stopover	Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, Oslo, Norway
Destination	John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, United States
Occupants	177
Passengers	163
Crew	14
Fatalities	0
Injuries	12
Survivors	177

Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901, was a scheduled international flight operated by the Scandinavian Airlines System, that overran the runway at its destination at John F. Kennedy International Airport on February 28, 1984. The flight, using a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, originated at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Sweden, before a stopover at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, Norway. All 177 passengers and crew members on board survived, although 12 were injured. The runway overshoot was due to the crew's failure to monitor their airspeed and overreliance on the aircraft's autothrottle.^[1][2]

Flight 901 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, registered as LN-RKB, named the Haakon Viking, and first flown in testing in 1975. Its McDonnell Douglas construction number was 46871/219.^[3] The aircraft was equipped with three General Electric CF6-50C engines. It entered into commercial flight service with Scandinavian Airlines in January 1976.^[4]

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the accident. Investigators first thought a probable cause of the overshoot could be hydroplaning since there was bad weather on arrival, but this was later ruled out when investigators inspected the runway and found that the grooves on the runway were in good condition and there were no recent reports of hydroplaning on that runway. The NTSB discovered from eyewitnesses that the airport's control tower could not see the flight arriving due to low visibility. However, they and passengers on the flight reported that the aircraft traveled an unusually long distance before landing. According to the flight's cockpit voice and flight data recorders, the aircraft was at an unusually high speed of 205 knots before landing.^[5] It was also noticed that the captain only monitored his airspeed, not the shown ground speed. To avoid striking the approach lighting system, they veered the DC-10 off Runway 04R using the aircraft's rudder. The aircraft came to a rest in shallow water 650 ft (200 m) from Runway 04R.^[5][6]

Investigators discovered that the captain was relying on the aircraft's autothrottle, believing that it would automatically decrease turbine power.^[7] NTSB investigators also found that the autothrottle control system had malfunctioned during previous flights. They believe that during the approach, the DC-10's autothrottle had a software malfunction, leading to increased airspeed before touching down. In the NTSB's final report, the probable cause of SAS Flight 901 states that "The flightcrew's disregard for prescribed procedures for monitoring and controlling of airspeed during the final stages of the approach and (b) decision to continue the landing rather than to execute a missed approach, and (c) overreliance on the autothrottle speed control system which had a history of recent malfunctions".^[6][8]

The NTSB had issued two safety recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration on November 16, 1984, one day after releasing the final report.^[1]

A-84-123: Apply the findings of behavioral research programs and accident/incident investigations regarding degradation of pilot performance as a result of automation to modify pilot training programs and flight procedures so as to take full advantage of the safety benefits of automation technology.^[9]

A-84-124: Direct air carrier principal operations inspectors to review the airspeed callout procedures of assigned air carriers and, where necessary, to require that these procedures specify the actual speed deviations (in appropriate increments, i.e., +10, +20, -10, -20, etc.) from computed reference speeds.^[10]

After the accident, mechanics found that LN-RKB suffered substantial damage, but was later repaired and returned to service, until it was bought by Federal Express in 1985, reregistered as N311FE, and converted into a freighter. It was withdrawn from use and stored in 2012; in 2013, it was returned to service.^[11] The aircraft would operate for FedEx Express,^[12] before being retired on December 31, 2022.

The aircraft would later be acquired by Panamian freight airline Cargo Three in 2024. ^[13]

• NTSB Final Report, November 15, 1984
• FAA Accident Report Index
• Paries, Jean (1994). "Some Inadequacies of the current human factors certification process of advanced aircraft technologies" (PDF). Human Factors Certification of Advanced Aviation Technologies. Daytona Beach, Florida: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press. pp. 300–306. NASA and BEA archived report - profile