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Natural arch

"Natural bridge" and "Natural bridges" redirect here. For the cave, see Natural Bridge Caverns. For the locality in Australia, see Natural Bridge, Queensland. For the U.S. protected area, see Natural Bridges National Monument.
Delicate Arch in Arches National Park, Utah, United States
The Great Arch, Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia

A natural arch, natural bridge, or (less commonly) rock arch is a natural landform where an arch has formed with an opening underneath. Natural arches commonly form where inland cliffs, coastal cliffs, fins or stacks are subject to erosion from the sea, rivers or weathering (subaerial processes).

Most natural arches are formed from narrow fins and sea stacks composed of sandstone or limestone with steep, often vertical, cliff faces. The formations become narrower due to erosion over geologic time scales. The softer rock stratum erodes away creating rock shelters, or alcoves, on opposite sides of the formation beneath the relatively harder stratum, or caprock, above it. The alcoves erode further into the formation eventually meeting underneath the harder caprock layer, thus creating an arch. The erosional processes exploit weaknesses in the softer rock layers making cracks larger and removing material more quickly than the caprock; however, the caprock itself continues to erode after an arch has formed, which will ultimately lead to collapse.

The choice between bridge and arch is somewhat arbitrary. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society identifies a bridge as a subtype of arch that is primarily water-formed.[1] By contrast, the Dictionary of Geological Terms defines a natural bridge as a "natural arch that spans a valley of erosion."[2]

The largest natural arch, by a significant margin, is the Xianren Bridge in China, with a span of 122 ± 5 meters (400 ± 15 ft).[3]

Coastline

The Azure Window, Malta, before it collapsed in 2017

On coasts two different types of arches can form depending on the geology. On discordant coastlines rock types run at 90° to the coast. Wave refraction concentrates the wave energy on the headland, and an arch forms when caves break through the headland. Two examples of this type of arch are London Bridge in Victoria, Australia, and Neill Island in the Andaman Islands, India. When these arches eventually collapse, they form stacks and stumps. On concordant coastlines rock types run parallel to the coastline, with weak rock such as shale protected by stronger rock such as limestone. The wave action along concordant coastlines breaks through the strong rock and then erodes the weak rock very quickly. Good examples of this type of arch are the Durdle Door and Stair Hole near Lulworth Cove on Dorset's Jurassic Coast in south England. When Stair Hole eventually collapses it will form a cove.

Weather-eroded arches

Metate Arch, Devils Garden (GSENM), a very thin arch near the end of its life

Weather-eroded arches begin their formation as deep cracks which penetrate into a sandstone layer. Erosion occurring within the cracks wears away exposed rock layers and enlarges the surface cracks isolating narrow sandstone walls which are called fins. Alternating frosts and thawing cause crumbling and flaking of the porous sandstone and eventually cut through some of the fins. The resulting holes become enlarged to arch proportions by rockfalls and weathering. The arches eventually collapse leaving only buttresses that in time will erode.[4]

Many weather-eroded arches are found in Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, and Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument (GSENM), all located in southern Utah, United States.

Progressive erosion producing plateau, fin, window (or arch), and hoodoos

Water-eroded arches

A topographic map of Coyote Natural Bridge in Utah shows how the meandering Coyote Gulch carved a shorter route through the rock under the arch. The old riverbed is now higher than the present water level.

Some natural bridges may look like arches, but they form in the path of streams that wear away and penetrate the rock. Pothole arches form by chemical weathering as water collects in natural depressions and eventually cuts through to the layer below.

Natural Bridges National Monument in Utah protects the area surrounding three large natural bridges, all of which were formed by streams running through canyons, the largest of which is named Sipapu Bridge with a span of 225 feet (69 m). The Rainbow Bridge National Monument's namesake was also formed by flowing water which created the largest known natural bridge in the Western Hemisphere with a span of 234 feet (71 m), based on a laser measurement made in 2007. Xianren Bridge, also known as Fairy Bridge, in Guangxi, China is currently the world's largest known natural bridge with a span recorded at 400 feet (120 m) by the Natural Arch and Bridge Society in October 2010, with a precision of ±15 feet (4.6 m).[5][6]

Cave erosion

Natural bridges can form from natural limestone caves, where paired sinkholes collapse and a ridge of stone is left standing in between, with the cave passageway connecting from sinkhole to sinkhole.

Like all rock formations, natural bridges are subject to continued erosion, and will eventually collapse and disappear. One example of this was the double-arched Victorian coastal rock formation, London Bridge, which lost an arch after storms increased erosion.[7]

Moon Hill in Yangshuo, Guizhou Province, China, is an example of an arch formed by the remnant of a karst limestone cave.

Arches as highway or railway bridges

Natural Bridge, Virginia

In a few places in the world, natural arches are utilized by humans as transportation bridges with highways or railroads running across them.

In Virginia, US Route 11 traverses Natural Bridge. Two additional natural arch roadways are found in Kentucky. The first, a cave erosion arch made of limestone, is in Carter Caves State Resort Park and has a paved road on top.[8] The second, a weather-eroded sandstone arch with a dirt road on top, is on the edge of Natural Bridge State Park in Kentucky. The latter arch is called White's Branch Arch (also known as the Narrows) and the road going over it is usually referred to as the Narrows Road.[citation needed]

In Europe, the Romanian village of Ponoarele has a road segment called God's Bridge that is 30 m (98 ft) long and 13 m (43 ft) wide, passing over a stone arch 22 m (72 ft) high and 9 m (30 ft) thick.[9]

The railroad from Lima, Peru crosses the Rio Yauli on a natural bridge near kilometer 214.2 as it approaches the city of La Oroya.[citation needed]

Notable natural arches

Natural arches in the La Cathedrale formation of Tadrart Rouge range, Algeria
Hole-in-the-Wall

Africa

Antarctica

Asia

Natural Arch, Tirumala, India
Arch in Timna Valley Park, Negev Desert, Israel

Europe

The arches at Marinha Beach, Caramujeira, Lagoa, Algarve, Portugal
Es Pontàs is a natural arch on the coast of Mallorca, Spain
Durdle Door, Dorset, the United Kingdom
Little Prerast in eastern Serbia

North America

Canada

Percé Rock, Quebec, Canada

Caribbean

Mexico

The Arch of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico

United States

See also: Arches National Park
Holei Sea Arch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii, United States
Landscape Arch, Utah, United States – one of the longest natural arches in the world[16]
Rainbow Bridge, Utah, a natural bridge formed by a meandering watercourse

Oceania

"The Hole in the Rock” on Piercy Island, Cape Brett, New Zealand
The arch at Tunnel Beach, Dunedin, New Zealand

Australia

New Zealand

South America

See also

References

  1. ^ Natural Arch and Bridge Society Archived August 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, FAQ.
  2. ^ American Geological Institute, Dictionary of Geological Terms, 1976, Doubleday Anchor
  3. ^ Big 14 Tour - Fairy Bridge Archived April 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Natural Arch and Bridge Society
  4. ^ "Geology Resources, Arches National Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  5. ^ Jett, Stephen C.China Diary Archived December 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Natural Arch and Bridge Society
  6. ^ "Big 17 Tour - Measurement of Fairy Bridge". www.naturalarches.org. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013.
  7. ^ "Port Campbell". www.trekearth.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008.
  8. ^ "Natural Bridge Trail: Carter Caves State Resort Park". Kentucky State Parks. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  9. ^ Ciortescu, Ramona (December 10, 2014). "'God's Bridge', the Natural Bridge of Mehedinti, Romania". Romania Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  10. ^ "Kerguelen Islands, French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Part 1) - Iles Kerguelen, TAAF". www.discoverfrance.net. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012.
  11. ^ Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra - A Travel Guide - Book by Milind Gunaji ISBN 81-7154-669-2
  12. ^ "Gallery - Thailand - White Hole". www.naturalarches.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017.
  13. ^ "Mountain Angel Eye".
  14. ^ a b c Ian Ellis, ed. (2011). Richard Ellis - The Photography Collection: Malta & Gozo. Vol. 4. p. 100. ISBN 978-99957-33-29-2. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016.
  15. ^ The Natural Arch and Bridge Society. "Puentedei".
  16. ^ "The Worlds Longest Natural Spans". www.naturalarches.org. Natural Arch and Bridge Society. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
  17. ^ "Koger Arch, Kentucky" Archived April 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. naturalarches.org. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  18. ^ "Natural Arch". Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  19. ^ "Natural Arch of Kentucky" Archived April 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. naturalarches.org. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  20. ^ "Natural Bridge". Arkansas.com. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  21. ^ "Sea stack at Tettegouche toppled by powerful winter storm" 2019-12-02
  22. ^ "Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area: Twin Arches". nps.gov. April 14, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_arch