Robert Burton (1577–1640) was an English writer and fellow of Oxford University, best known for his encyclopedic book The Anatomy of Melancholy.

Robert Burton may also refer to:

• Robert Burton (athlete) (1885–1950), British track and field athlete
• Bob Burton (basketball) (born 1945), American basketball coach
• Claude Burton (cricketer) (1891–1971), full name Robert Claude Burton
• Robert Burton (cricketer, born 1943), Trinidadian-born former English cricketer
• Robbie Burton (footballer) (born 1999)

• Robert Burton (MP), Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby 1380-97
• Robert Burton (American politician) (1747–1825), North Carolina politician and American Revolution officer
• Robert Burton-Chadwick (1869–1951), English shipping magnate and politician
• Rob Burton, Canadian mayor

• Robert Burton (academic), master of University College, Oxford, England (1420–1423/4)
• Bob Burton Jr. (born 1985), American speedcuber
• Robert Burton (actor) (1895–1962), American film and television actor
• Robert A. Burton, American physician, novelist, nonfiction author and columnist
• Robert T. Burton (1821–1907), Canadian religious leader
• Robert Burton, pseudonym of Nathaniel Crouch (c. 1640–1725?), English writer
• Robbie Burton (publisher)

• Burton (name)