Pyana
| Pyana | |
|---|---|
 | |
  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Russia |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Volga Upland |
| • elevation | 220 m (720 ft) |
| Mouth | |
• location | Sura |
• coordinates | 55°40′02″N 45°54′59″E / 55.6671°N 45.9163°E |
• elevation | 62 m (203 ft) |
| Length | 436 km (271 mi) |
| Basin size | 8,060 km2 (3,110 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 25 m3/s (880 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Sura→ Volga→ Caspian Sea |
The Pyana (Russian: Пья́на) is a river in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Sura.
History and etymology
Pyana translates from Russian into drunken. The original name of the river was likely Piana,[1] and, like many other old Russian geographical names, might be of Uralic origin (compare Finnish pieni meaning small).[2] The most likely reason for the transformation of Piana to Pyana was the Battle on Pyana River.[3] The battle was fought on 2 August 1377 between the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha (Arab-Shah Muzaffar) and joint Russian troops under Knyaz Ivan Dmitriyevich. Awaiting the battle, the Russian Army lost discipline with drunkenness being a norm. They were unexpectedly attacked from all sides and crushed by the Mongols, forcing retreat to and across the Pyana. Many soldiers, and the Knyaz himself, drowned while crossing it.[1][4] This explanation is further supported by the original text of the chronicles of the battle, where the writer first calls the river Piana, then notes[5] the ironical similarity of the words piana and pyana (in a sense of drunkenness) and further uses Pyana as the river name.[1]
Geography and hydrology
The river is 436 kilometres (271 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 8,060 square kilometres (3,110 sq mi).[6] It freezes over in November and thaws in April. The average discharge 65 km from its mouth is 25 m³/s and can vary between 10 and 1,500 m³/s. The river's banks contain numerous karst caves.[7] The Pyana is remarkable in its shape: it runs to the north-west and then turns 180° south-east, making a nearly closed loop (see map) before turning north and merging with the Sura.[8]
Human activities
The towns of Perevoz and Sergach are located on the Pyana. The river is navigable in its lower reaches.[7] On the river banks there is Ichalkovsky Natural Reserve of 936 ha area which is protected by the state since 1963.[9] There is a hydroelectric station near the village of Ichalkovo with the annual production of 600 MW. Its construction was started after World War II, but completed only in the 1990s.[10]
References
- ^ a b c D. S. Likhachev; et al., eds. (1999). Библиотека литературы Древней Руси. Vol. 6, середина XV века. St. Petersburg: Nauka; Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ V. Malkin (1989). "Из истории слов. Почему реку назвали Гусем? (History of names. Why river was named after a goose)". Nauka i Zhizn. 9: 112.
- ^ Pokhlebkin, William; Pokhlebkin, Vilʹi︠a︡m Vasilʹevich. A history of vodka (1992 ed.). Verso. p. 67. ISBN 0-86091-359-7. Google Books
- ^ Solovyov, Sergey (1851–1879). "7". A History of Russia, vol. 3 (1851–1879 ed.).
- ^ "Поистиннѣ — за Пьяною пьяни!"
- ^ «Река ПЬЯНА», Russian State Water Registry
- ^ a b Пьяна, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ^ V. A. Mezentsev (1988). Энциклопедия чудес. Vol. 1. Обычное в необычном (Encyclopedia of wonders. Usual within unusual) (in Russian). Moscow: Znanie.
- ^ Пещеры и провалы Ичалковского бора, 2 May 2008 (in Russian)
- ^ Каникулы для ГЭС, Nizhegorodskie News, 3 April 2007 (in Russian)