Proto-Quechuan language
| Proto-Quechuan | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Quechuan languages |
| Region | Central Peru |
| Era | before 500 BC |
Proto-Quechuan language is the hypothetical mother tongue or proto-language that would have given rise to the various languages of the Quechuan language family. This proto-language is reconstructed based on evidence from modern Quechuan languages, as well as records of ancient forms.
Development
Proto-Quechuan was likely spoken in the central region of ancient Peru according to Alfredo Torero. It then expanded southwards to replace Aymara. At the beginning of the fifth century, the proto-Quechua would have crossed the mountain range to settle in the central highlands (Mantaro Valley), then proto-Aymara-speaking, producing the division between Quechua I (to the east) and Quechua II.[1]
Phonology
The syllables of the Quechua languages are composed of at least one vowel as nucleus. As a general rule, the syllables allow a consonant in position of onset and coda (beginning and end of syllable, respectively).
Three vowel phonemes are distinguished: a vowel open /a/ and closed rounded vowel /u/ unrounded /i/. The precise pronunciation of these vowel phonemes varies with their phonetic environment. The vicinity of a uvular consonant produces more centralized allophones such as [ɑ], [e], [ɛ], [o], [ɔ] and that of the semiconsonant palatal approximant /j/ also causes an overtaking of /a/ to [æ]. As for the consonants, Proto-Quechua would have had three nasal consonant /m, n, ɲ/ four occlusive /p, t, k, q/, two affricates /t͡ʃ, ʈ͡ʂ/, three fricatives /s, ʂ, h/, two approximants /j, w/ and two or three liquid /ʎ, ɾ, (l)/.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||||||||||
| stop | p | t | k | q | ||||||||||||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | ʈ͡ʂ | ||||||||||||||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | h | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral | (l) | ʎ | ||||||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
Phonetic correspondences
The following table shows the numerals in Proto-Quechuan and its evolution in different modern Quechua languages:
| GLOSS | PROTO- QUECHUAN |
Quechua I | Quechua II | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huaylas | Huánuco | Huanca | Pacaraos | Cajamarca | Imbabura | Salasaca | Tena | Ayacucho | Cuzco | Bolivian | Santiagueño | ||
| '1' | *suk | huk | huk | huk, suk | huk | suχ | ʃux | ʃuh | ʃuk | huk | hux | ux | suk |
| '2' | *iʂkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃgaj | iʃki | iʃki | iskaj | iskaj | iskaj | iʃkaj |
| '3' | *kimsa | kima, kimsa | kimsa | kimsa | kima | kimsa | kinsa | kinsa | kinsa | kimsa | kinsa | kinsa | kimsa |
| '4' | *ʈʂusku | ʧusku | ʧusku | ʈʂusku | ʈʂusku | ʈʂusku | ʧusku | ʧusku | ʧusku | tawa | tawa | tawa | taa |
| '5' | *piʧqa | piʦqa | piʧɢa | piʧʔa | pisχa | piʧqa | piʧa | piʧka | piʧka | piʧχa | pʰisqa | pʰiʃqa | piʃqa |
| '6' | *suqta | huqta | suχta | suʔta | huχta | suχta | sukta | sukta | sukta | suχta | suqta | suhta | suqta |
| '7' | *qanʈʂis | qanʧis | ɢanʧis | ʔanʈʂis | ʁanʈʂis | qanʈʂis | kanʧis | kanʧis | kanʤis | χanʧis | qanʧis | qanʧis | qanʧis |
| '8' | *pusaq | puwaq | pusaχ | pusaː | puwaχ | pusaχ | pusax | pusah | pusak | pusaχ | pusaq | pusah | pusaq |
| '9' | *isqun | isqun | isɢun | isʕun | isʁun | isqun | iskun | iskun | iskun | isχun | isqun | hisqʼun | isqun |
| '10' | *ʈʂunka | ʧuŋka | ʧuŋka | ʈʂunka | ʈʂuŋka | ʈʂuŋga | ʧuŋga | ʧuŋga | ʧuŋga | ʧuŋka | ʧunka | ʧuŋka | ʧuŋka |
References
- ^ Torero Fernández de Córdova, Alfredo (1984). "El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua. The case of Ecuador". Revista Andina. No. 4. p. 367.
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). "3.2 The Quechuan language family". The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052136275X.
- Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2003). Lingüística quechua (2ª ed.). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas'.
- Itier, César; Torero, A. (1995). Del siglo de oro al siglo de las luces: lenguaje y sociedad en los Andes del siglo XVIII. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos 'CBC'. ISBN 84-8387-020-7.
- Torero, Alfredo (1974). El quechua y la historia social andina. Lima: Universidad Ricardo palma, Dirección Universitaria de Investigación. ISBN 9786034502109.
- Torero, Alfredo (1983). "La familia lingüística quechua". América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas. Caracas: Monte Ávila. ISBN 9233019268.
- Torero, Alfredo (December 1984). "El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua. El caso del Ecuador". Andina (4). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas": 367–402. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07.