Phylloscartes
| Phylloscartes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mottle-cheeked tyrannulet Phylloscartes ventralis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Phylloscartes Cabanis & Heine, 1860[1] |
| Type species | |
| Phylloscartes ventralis | |
Phylloscartes is a genus of small birds in the family Tyrannidae. They are found in wooded habitats of Central and South America. They mainly feed on small arthropods, and most commonly take part in mixed species flocks. The mottled-cheeked tyrannulet is among the commonest birds in its range, but several other species are rare and threatened. Their plumage is predominantly green, yellow, white and grey, and many have contrasting facial patterns and wing-bars. They have thin, pointed bills, and relatively long tails. Most frequently cock their tail, perch relatively horizontally and are very active.
The genus Pogonotriccus has usually been merged into Phylloscartes.[2] In 2004 John Fitzpatrick in the Handbook of the Birds of the World chose to treat Pogonotriccus as a separate genus based on the slight differences in behaviour of the birds in the two genera.[3] Frank Gill and David Donsker then also recognised Pogonotriccus in the list of bird species that they maintain on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee.[4] The evidence for splitting the genus is weak: a 2009 molecular phylogenetic study that included one species from Pogonotriccus and three from Phylloscartes, found that the genetic differences were small.[5]
Species
The genus contains 16 species:[4]
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Mottle-cheeked tyrannulet | Phylloscartes ventralis | south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia and north-western Argentina |
 |
Alagoas tyrannulet | Phylloscartes ceciliae | eastern Brazil |
 |
Restinga tyrannulet | Phylloscartes kronei | Brazil |
| Bahia tyrannulet | Phylloscartes beckeri | state of Bahia in eastern Brazil | |
 |
Panama tyrannulet | Phylloscartes flavovirens | Panama |
 |
Olive-green tyrannulet | Phylloscartes virescens | Guianas of Suriname, French Guiana, and eastern Guyana, with the Essequibo River; also northeast Brazil |
 |
Ecuadorian tyrannulet | Phylloscartes gualaquizae | Ecuador and northern Peru |
 |
Black-fronted tyrannulet | Phylloscartes nigrifrons | southern Venezuela |
 |
Rufous-browed tyrannulet | Phylloscartes superciliaris | Venezuela |
| Rufous-lored tyrannulet | Phylloscartes flaviventris | Venezuela | |
 |
Cinnamon-faced tyrannulet | Phylloscartes parkeri | Peru and Bolivia |
 |
Minas Gerais tyrannulet | Phylloscartes roquettei | Brazil |
 |
Sao Paulo tyrannulet | Phylloscartes paulista | Atlantic forest |
 |
Oustalet's tyrannulet | Phylloscartes oustaleti | Atlantic forest |
 |
Serra do Mar tyrannulet | Phylloscartes difficilis | Atlantic forest |
 |
Bay-ringed tyrannulet | Phylloscartes sylviolus | Atlantic forest |
Conservation
Four species in this genus are endangered according to the IUCN. These are: Phylloscartes roquettei, Phylloscartes beckeri, Phylloscartes ceciliae and Phylloscartes lanyoni.
References
- ^ Cabanis, Jean; Heine, Ferdinand (1859). Museum Heineanum (in German). Vol. 2. Halberstadt: R. Frantz. p. 52.
- ^ Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 63.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, J.W. (2004). "Family Tyrannidae (Tyrant-Flycatchers)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9 : Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 170–462. ISBN 978-84-87334-69-6.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Tyrant flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ Tello, J.G.; Moyle, R.G.; Marchese, D.J.; Cracraft, J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides)". Cladistics. 25 (5): 429–467. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00254.x. PMID 34879622. S2CID 85422768.
