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Savannah sparrow

Savannah sparrow
Singing male, probably P. s. labradorius
Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area, Quebec (Canada)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passerellidae
Genus: Passerculus
Species:
P. sandwichensis
Binomial name
Passerculus sandwichensis
(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
Subspecies

Some 10–20, see article text

  Breeding
  Migration
  Nonbreeding
  Year-round
Synonyms
  • Ammodramus beldingi

The Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) is a small New World sparrow that is the only member of the genus Passerculus. It is a widespread and abundant species that occupies open grassland habitats in North America.

Over most of its range it is migratory, breeding in Canada and the northern United States while wintering in Mexico and the southern United States. It is a sexually monomorphic species that is quite variable in appearance. Around 17 subspecies are currently recognised. These are divided into several groups, some of which have sometimes been considered as separate species.

The species name sandwichensis is Latin from Sandwich Sound (now Prince William Sound) in southern Alaska from where the first specimen was collected. The common name refers to Savannah, Georgia, where Alexander Wilson observed the species in 1811.

Taxonomy

The Savannah sparrow was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the buntings in the genus Emberiza and coined the binomial name Emberiza sandwichensis.[2] Gmelin based his text on the Sandwich bunting that had been described by John Latham in 1783 and the "Unalasha bunting" that had been described by Thomas Pennant in 1785.[3][4] Latham and Pennant had access to a specimen owned by the naturalist Joseph Banks that had been collected in May 1778 from Sandwich Sound (now Prince William Sound) in southern Alaska during James Cook's third voyage to the Pacific Ocean.[5] The specimen has not survived,[6] but a coloured drawing of the bird made during the voyage by the artist and naturalist William Ellis is now held by the Natural History Museum in London.[7][8]

The Savannah sparrow is now the only species placed in the genus Passerculus that was introduced in 1838 by the French naturalist Charles Bonaparte.[9][10] The English name "Savannah sparrow" was introduced in 1811 by the Scottish-American ornithologist Alexander Wilson in the third volume of his American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States. Wilson had first seen the species on the coast near Savannah, Georgia.[11][12]

A 2005 study that compared mitochondrial DNA sequence found that the Ipswich sparrow, formerly usually considered a valid species (as Passerculus princeps), was a well-marked subspecies, whereas the southwestern large-billed sparrow was more distinct (Passerculus rostratus).[13]

Seventeen subspecies (including the large-billed sparrows) are currently recognized, though many are only described from wintering birds and much of the variation seems to be clinal. Four additional subspecies are no longer generally accepted. The complex is usually divided into several groups:[10][14]

Savannah sparrows proper

Probably P. s. oblitus, Kirkfield, Ontario, Canada

All are migratory; wintering ranges overlap widely.

  • P. s. labradorius Howe, 1901 – breeds in Newfoundland, Labrador, and N Quebec. Includes P. s. oblitus.
  • P. s. savanna (Wilson, A, 1811) – (eastern Savannah sparrow), breeds in the northeast US and adjacent Canada (includes P. s. mediogriseus)
  • P. s. sandwichensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – (Aleutian Savannah sparrow), breeds on the Aleutian Islands and west Alaskan Peninsula
  • P. s. anthinus Bonaparte, 1853 – breeds in the remainder of Alaska, south and east to central British Columbia and north of the Great Plains to Manitoba. Includes P. s. crassus.
  • P. s. brooksi Bishop, 1915 – (dwarf Savannah sparrow), breeds in southernmost British Columbia to northernmost California
  • P. s. alaudinus Bonaparte, 1853 – breeds in coastal northern and central California
  • P. s. nevadensis Grinnell, 1910 – breeds in the northern Great Plains and the Great Basin
  • P. s. brunnescens (Butler, AW, 1888) – breeds from central Mexico south to Guatemala (includes P. s. rufofuscus)
  • P. s. wetmorei Van Rossem, 1938 – a doubtful subspecies that may breed in the mountains of Guatemala. It is known from only five specimens, collected June 11–17, 1897, in Huehuetenango Department.[citation needed]

Ipswich sparrow

Some post-breeding dispersal. Formerly considered as a distinct species.[13]

  • P. s. princeps Maynard, 1872 – breeds almost exclusively on Sable Island which lies southeast of Nova Scotia in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Ipswich sparrow is somewhat larger and paler in color than other eastern Savannah sparrows. The breast streaks are narrower and pale brown. Some birds overwinter on the island; others migrate south along the Atlantic coast, usually departing later and returning sooner than mainland birds. Some birds interbreed with P. s. savanna in Nova Scotia. These birds frequently raise three broods in a year. This bird was first observed in winter on the dunes near the town of Ipswich, Massachusetts.
A Savannah sparrow (Ipswich)on the jetty at Barnegat Inlet, NJ.

Large-billed sparrows

The large-billed sparrows proper is sometimes treated as a separate species.[15] There are two dark, large and strong-billed subspecies:

Belding's (Savannah/large-billed) sparrows are all-year residents of salt marshes of the Californian Pacific coast. They are dark, rufous, and have rather long but not very hefty bills. This group has been considered as a separate species.[15]

San Benito (Savannah/large-billed) sparrow is a resident bird of the Islas San Benito off Baja California; a stray bird was observed on Cedros Island on April 21, 1906.[16] It has been considered as a separate species.[10]

  • P. s. sanctorum Coues, 1884
This is a large-bodied and large-billed subspecies, similar to rostratus. They utilize different habitat and their breeding season does not seem to coincide[notes 1] with that of Belding's sparrows. However, their bill size is due to convergent evolution and their habitat choice simply to the lack of alternatives on their barren island home; altogether, it appears to be a fairly recent offshoot from the Belding's sparrows group. It appears as distinct evolutionarily from these as does the Ipswich sparrow from the Savannah sparrow proper group, only that there seems to have been more gene flow and/or a larger founder population in the case of the latter.[13]

Description

The Savannah sparrow has a typically sparrow-like dark-streaked brown back, and whitish underparts with brown or blackish breast and flank streaking. It has whitish crown and supercilium stripes, sometimes with some yellow (more often near the beak). The cheeks are brown and the throat white. The flight feathers are blackish-brown with light brown or white border. The eyes are dark. The feet and legs are horn-colored, as is the lower part of the bill, with the upper part being dark grey.[17]

It is a very variable species, with numerous subspecies, several of which have been split as separate species at various times. The different forms vary principally in the darkness of the plumage. The variation generally follows Gloger's rule, with Alaskan and interior races the palest, and southwestern coastal forms the darkest. There are some exceptions, though, most conspicuously in some island populations that presumably were strongly affected by founder effects. The general pattern of variation has a fairly clear divide, southwest of which the birds become notably darker; this agrees quite well with the limit between P. sandwichensis and P. (s.) rostratus.[13][17] Savannah sparrows show some variation in size across subspecies. The total length can range from 11 to 17 cm (4.3 to 6.7 in), wingspan ranges from 18 to 25 cm (7.1 to 9.8 in) and body mass from 15 to 29 g (0.53 to 1.02 oz).[18][19] In the nominate subspecies, the body weight averages 20.1 g (0.71 oz).[20]

The Savannah sparrows proper (see below) are very similar, and migrant birds can not usually be related to a breeding population with certainty. The resident or partially migratory subspecies are well distinguishable by size and, particularly between groups, coloration.[17]

Distribution and habitat

This passerine bird breeds in Alaska, Canada, northern, central and Pacific coastal United States, Mexico and Guatemala. The Pacific and Mexican breeders are resident, but other populations are migratory, wintering from the southern United States across Central America and the Caribbean to northern South America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.[17]

Behavior

Savannah sparrow song
A Savannah sparrow singing from the edge of a restored prairie in Iowa
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These birds forage on the ground or in low bushes; particularly in winter they are also found in grazed low-growth grassland. They mainly eat seeds, but also eat insects in the breeding season. They are typically encountered as pairs or family groups in the breeding season, and assemble in flocks for the winter migration. The flight call is a thin seep.[17] Sensu lato, the Savannah sparrow is considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][17][21] The song is mixture of chirps and trills.

  • Probably P. s. sandwichensis, Alaska
    Probably P. s. sandwichensis, Alaska
  • Probably P. s. anthinus, Alaska
    Probably P. s. anthinus, Alaska
  • P. s. labradorius nest
    P. s. labradorius nest
  • P. s. labradorius, Newfoundland
    P. s. labradorius, Newfoundland
  • Probably a Belding's sparrow, wintering in California
    Probably a Belding's sparrow, wintering in California

Notes

  1. ^ For late April 1906, Thayer & Bangs (1907) report nestlings, young birds molting into adult plumage, but no eggs anymore. Rising in Zink et al. (2005) found no breeding activity in late April 1999. Consequently, breeding seems to take place in the winter months, with the last young fledging in April/May.

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Passerculus sandwichensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103780243A94699265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103780243A94699265.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 875.
  3. ^ Latham, John (1783). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 2, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 202, n. 47.
  4. ^ Pennant, Thomas (1785). Arctic Zoology. Vol. 2. London: Printed by Henry Hughs. p. 363, n. 229.
  5. ^ Stresemann, Erwin (1949). "Birds collected in the north Pacific area during Capt. James Cook's last voyage (1778 and 1779)". Ibis. 91 (2): 244–255 [250]. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1949.tb02264.x.
  6. ^ Medway, D.G. (2009). "The fate of the bird specimens from Cook's voyages possessed by Sir Joseph Banks". Archives of Natural History. 36 (2): 231–243. doi:10.3366/E0260954109000965.
  7. ^ Lysaght, Averil (1959). "Some eighteenth century bird paintings in the library of Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820)". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series. 1 (6): 251–371 [336-337].
  8. ^ "115 original watercolour sketches of mammals, birds and fish made during Captain Cook's third voyage on the Resolution and the Discovery, 1776-1780". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  9. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838). A Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America. London: John Van Voorst. p. 33.
  10. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "New World Sparrows, Bush Tanagers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  11. ^ Wilson, Alexander (1811). American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States: Illustrated with Plates Engraved and Colored from Original drawings taken from Nature. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep. p. 55, Plate 22 Fig. 3.
  12. ^ Parkes, Kenneth C.; Panza, Robin K. (1991). "The type locality of Fringilla savanna Wilson". The Auk. 108 (1): 185–186. doi:10.1093/auk/108.1.185.
  13. ^ a b c d Zink, R.M.; Rising, J.D.; Mockford, S.; Horn, A.G.; Wright, J.M.; Leonard, M.; Westberg, M.C. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA variation, species limits, and rapid evolution of plumage coloration and size in the Savannah Sparrow". The Condor. 107 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1093/condor/107.1.21.
  14. ^ Wheelwright, N.T.; Rising, J.D. (2020). Poole, A.F. (ed.). "Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  15. ^ a b Rising, J.D. (2011). "Family Emberizidae (Buntings and New World sparrows)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 16: Tanagers to New World Blackbirds. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 428–683 [550-551]. ISBN 978-84-96553-78-1.
  16. ^ Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1907). "Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros [sic], San Benito and Natividad Islands in the Spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands" (PDF). Condor. 9 (3): 77–81. doi:10.2307/1361136. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072249907. JSTOR 1361136.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Byers, Clive; Olsson, Urban & Curson, Jon (1995): Sparrows and Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. ISBN 0-395-73873-3
  18. ^ "Savannah Sparrow, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
  19. ^ Sproule, Ken. "Sparrows". Toronto Wildlife. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
  20. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  21. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. & Meister, Charles A. (1981). "Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 101 (3): 339–346.

Further reading


Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerculus_sandwichensis