Palometa is a name used for several species of fish:

Freshwater

• Catoprion mento, the wimple piranha from several South American river basins
• Metynnis, a genus of serrasalmid from several South American river basins
• Myloplus rubripinnis, the redhook myleus from several South American river basins
• Mylossoma, a genus of serrasalmid from several South American river basins
• Pristobrycon striolatus, a piranha from the Amazon and Orinoco Basins
• Pygocentrus cariba, the black spot piranha from the Orinoco and Llanos
• Pygocentrus nattereri, the red-bellied piranha from several South American river basins
• Pygocentrus palometa, a piranha from the Orinoco Basin
• Pygopristis denticulata, a piranha from several South American river basins
• Serrasalmus, a genus of piranha from several South American river basins

Marine

• Beryx, a genus of alfonsinos
• Brama, a genus of pomfrets
• Maracaibo leatherjacket, Oligoplites palometa, a species in the genus Oligoplites
• Taractichthys, a genus of pomfrets
• Trachinotus goodei, a Caribbean and West Atlantic gamefish

• Palometa River