Numismatist
A numismatist is a specialist, researcher, and/or well-informed collector of numismatics/coins ("of coins"; from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma). Numismatists can include collectors, specialist dealers, and scholar-researchers who use coins (and possibly, other currency) in object-based research.[1] Although use of the term numismatics was first recorded in English in 1799,[2] people had been collecting and studying coins long before then all over the world. (The branch of numismatics that deals with the study and collection of paper currency and banknotes by notaphilists is called Notaphily)
Numismatist collectors
This group chiefly may derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices and studying these coins as private amateur scholars. In the classical field, amateur collector studies have achieved quite remarkable progress in the field. Examples include Walter Breen, a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, and King Farouk I of Egypt, an avid collector[3] who had very little interest in numismatics. Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who was also a numismatist.
Numismatist dealers
In this group are the coin dealers. Often called professional numismatists, they authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. The buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advance the study of money, and expert numismatists are consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists. See, for example, the International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN) and the British Numismatic Trade Association (BNTA).
Numismatist researchers
In this group are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context.[4] Coins are especially relevant as a source in the pre-modern period.
Training and recognition
There are very few academic institutions around the world that offer formal training in numismatics. Some may offer numismatics as part of a course in classical studies, ancient history, history or archaeology. Scholar numismatists may focus on numismatics at the postgraduate level, where the training is more research-based. As a result, most scholar numismatists will approach numismatics from within another academic discipline (e.g. history, archaeology, ancient or modern languages, metal sciences), perhaps after attending a numismatic summer school, usually based where there is an excellent coin collection. Recognition of scholarly numismatic expertise may be in the form of a postgraduate qualification, and/or in the form of a medal awarded by a numismatic society: for example, the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society, which may be awarded to scholar numismatists of any nationality.
Donald H. Kagin[5] earned the first PhD in Numismatics granted in the United States in 1979.[6]
Numismatic institutes
- The Institute for Numismatics and History of Money[7] Vienna (Austria)
- Indian Institute for Research in Numismatic Studies, Nasik (India)
- International Centre for Numismatic Studies, Naples (Italy)[8]
Numismatic summer schools
- American Numismatic Association Summer Seminar[9]
- American Numismatic Society[10]
- British Museum[11]
- Radboud University Nijmegen (RU) and the Netherlands Institute at Athens (NIA) Summer School[12]
Numismatic organizations (selection)
- American Numismatic Association
- American Numismatic Society
- Asociación Numismática Española[13] (Spanish Numismatic Society)
- Australian Numismatic Society[14]
- British Art Medal Society[15]
- British Association of Numismatic Societies[16]
- British Numismatic Society
- International Bank Note Society
- International Numismatic Council organises the International Numismatic Congress, and publishes the Survey of Numismatic Research.
- Israel Numismatic Society[17]
- Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde[18] (Royal Dutch Numismatic Society)
- Money and Medals Network[19] (UK)
- Numismatic Association of Australia[20]
- Numismatische Gesellschaft zu Berlin[21] (Berlin Numismatic Society)
- Oriental Numismatic Society[22]
- Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft[23] (Austrian Numismatic Society)
- Royal Numismatic Society (UK)
- Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft/Société Suisse de Numismatique/Società Svizzera di Numismatica/Swiss Numismatic Society
- Società Numismatica Italiana[24] (Italian Numismatic Society)
- Royal Numismatic Society of Belgium (Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique)
- Société française de numismatique[25] (French Numismatic Society)
- Svenska Numismatiska Föreningen[26] (Swedish Numismatic Society)
Biographical resources
As scholar numismatists work on coins (and related objects) within their particular area of interest (e.g. a particular part of the world, a particular period of history, or a particular culture), they are often known in those fields, as well as in numismatics. Biographical resources relating specifically to numismatists include the following:
- Manville, H.E., Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Numismatics, Encyclopaedia of British Numismatics. Volume IV (London, 2009)[27]
- Smith, Pete:, American Numismatic Biographies (1992).[28]
- "Numismatic Who's Who", in Coins Weekly.[29]
- de Callataÿ, F., Portraits of Famous Numismatists who died before 1800[30]
- de Callataÿ, F., Portraits of Famous Numismatists who died after 1800[31]
- Famous Numismatists - Les grands numismates,[32] on the International Numismatic Council webpage
- Encyclopedic Dictionary of Numismatic Biographies[33] - focus on American numismatists
- Numismatics - Biographical Information, on The E-Sylum[34]
List of scholar numismatists
- Richard Abdy[35]
- Mikhail Abramzon[36]
- Carmen Alfaro Asins (1952–2005)[37]
- Andreas Alföldi (1895–1981)
- R. Alföldi[38]
- Martin Allen (numismatist)[39]
- Michael Alram[40]
- Michel Amandry[41]
- Ermanno A Arslan[42]
- Philip Attwood[35]
- Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão
- Marion Archibald (1935–2016)[43]
- Carmen Arnold-Biucchi[44]
- Simone Assemani (1752–1820)
- Ernest Babelon (1854–1924)[45]
- Churchill Babington
- Paul Balog[38]
- Anselmo Banduri
- Jean-Jacques Barthélemy Garde du Cabinet du roi (1754–1795)
- Pierre Bastien (1912–2010)[37]
- Georges Bataille
- Khadijeh (Zohrer) Baseri[46]
- G. Belloni[38]
- Peter Berghaus (1919–2012)[37]
- Jacob de Bie
- Mark Blackburn (1953–2011)[47][48]
- Roger Bland
- Osmund Bopearachchi
- Bartolomeo Borghesi
- Howard Franklin Bowker
- Robert Bracey[49]
- Pierre-Napoléon Breton
- Agnes Baldwin Brett
- Andrew Brown[50]
- Guido Bruck
- Patrick Bruun[38]
- Guillaume Budé
- Andrew Burnett[51]
- Aleksander Bursche[52]
- Kevin Butcher[38]
- Herbert A. Cahn (1915–2002)[37]
- Mando Caramessini-Oeconomides (1927–2015)[37]
- Dario Calomino[35]
- Ian Carradice
- Francesco Carelli
- Robert Carson (1918–2006)[37]
- Karel Castelin[38]
- Gabriele Lancillotto Castelli (1727–1792)[53]
- Celestino Cavedoni
- Secondina Lorenza Cesano (1879–1973)[54]
- Elvira Clain-Stefanelli (1914–2001)[37]
- Joan Clarke
- Henry Cohen
- Barrie Cook (numismatist)[35]
- Esprit-Marie Cousinéry (1747–1833).[55]
- Michael Crawford[38]
- Joe Cribb[56][57]
- Sylvester Sage Crosby (1831–1914)[58]
- M. Crusafont i Sabater[38]
- Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis[35]
- Hermann Dannenberg (1824–1905)[59]
- François de Callatay[60]
- Elena Abramovna Davidovich
- G. Demski[38]
- Georges Depeyrot[61]
- Almudena Domínguez Arranz
- Amelia Dowler[35]
- Théophile Marion Dumersan
- Joseph Hilarius Eckhel (1737–1798)[62]
- Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
- Elizabeth Errington
- Warren Esty[63]
- Helen Farquhar
- Giuseppe Fiorelli
- Martin Folkes
- Julius Friedländer
- Nina Andreevna Frolova (1936–2015)[37]
- Andrea Fulvio
- Raffaele Garrucci
- H.U. Geiger[38]
- A. Geiser[38]
- Girish Chandra
- Shpresa Gjongecaj[38]
- Francesco Gnecchi
- Giovanni Gorini[38]
- Michael Grant (1914–2004)[64]
- Philip Grierson (1910–2006)[65]
- Claude Gros de Boze
- P.L. Gupta (Parmeshwari Lal Gupta) (1914–2001)[37]
- Tony Hackens[38]
- Wolfgang Hahn[38]
- Nicola Francesco Haym (1678–1729)
- Barclay Vincent Head (1844–1914)[66]
- Stefan Heidemann
- David Hendin
- George Hill (1867–1948)[67]
- Thomas Hockenhull[35]
- Chris Howgego[68]
- Octavian Iliescu (1919–2009)[37]
- Lutz Ilisch[69]
- Peter Ilisch[38]
- Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer (1838–1920)[70]
- Lyce Jankowski[71]
- Kenneth Jenkins (1918–2005)[72][65]
- A. Johnston[38]
- Mark Jones (museum director)
- Hans-Jörg Kellner (1920–2015)[37]
- John Kent (1928–2000)[37]
- Ryszard Kiersnowski (1925–2006)[37]
- Ulrich Klein[38]
- Eva Kolníková
- Koray Konuk[73]
- Andrzej Kunisz[38]
- Jean Lafaurie (1914–2008)[37]
- Georges Le Rider (1928–2014)[37]
- Ivar Leimus
- Nicholas Lowick
- George MacDonald (1862–1940)[32]
- Dorota Malarczyk
- Brita Malmer (1925–2013)[37]
- Harold Mattingly
- Nicholas Mayhew[38]
- Kaelyn McGregor (1963-2007)
- Andrew Meadows[74]
- Tony Merson (1950–2016)[75]
- Ya'akov Meshorer (1935–2004)[37]
- Michael Metcalf[38]
- William Metcalf[38]
- Vincenco Mirabella (1570–1624)[32]
- Jens-Christian Moesgaard[38]
- Theodor Mommsen
- T. Sam N. Moorhead[76]
- Cécile Morrisson
- Nikola Moushmov
- B. N. Mukherjee (1932–2013)
- A. K. Narain (1925–2013)
- Edward T. Newell
- Eric P. Newman
- Rosa Norström
- Ernest Oberlaender[38]
- Carlo Ottavio, Count Castiglione
- Bernhard Overbeck (1942–2018)[77]
- Filippo Paruta (–1629)[32]
- Vasiliki Penna (1951–2018)[78]
- Pippa Pearce
- Elizabeth Pirie
- Arent Pol[38]
- Adrian Popescu[79]
- Achilles Postolacca (1821–1897)
- Vsevolod M. Potin (1918–2005)[37]
- Constantin Preda (1925–2008)[37]
- Martin Price (numismatist)
- P.P. Ripolles[38]
- Louis Robert
- Anne Strachan Robertson (1910–1997)[32]
- Desiré-Raoul Rochette
- A. Rovelli[38]
- Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz
- Eduard Rüppell
- Andrea Saccoci[38]
- Simone Scheers[38]
- Gustave Schlumberger
- Edith Schönert-Geiß
- Jirí Sejbal (1929–2004)[37]
- Charles Seltman
- Camillo Serafini
- Jules Silvestre (1841–1918)[32]
- Adolf Soetbeer
- Dmitry Sontsov
- Frederic Soret
- Attilo Stazio (1923–2010)[37]
- Johann Gustav Stickel
- Stanislaw Suchodolski[38]
- Charles Surasky
- Ioannis Svoronos (1863–1922)[80]
- Francois Thierry (numismatist)[81]
- Rudi Thomsen (1918–2004)[37]
- Ioannis Touratsoglou
- Victor Tourneur
- Lucia Travaini
- Oluf Gerhard Tychsen
- David Vagi
- Leandre Villaronga i Garriga (1919–2015)[37]
- Johan van Heesch
- Dorothy B. Waage
- Helen Wang
- Raymond Weiller[38]
- David Wigg-Wolf
- Gareth Williams[35]
- Yordanka Youroukova[38]
- Benedikt Zaech[38]
- Jörgen Zoega
- Mohit Kapoor
- Alexander Nikolaevich Zograf[32]
See also
References
- ^ "What is Numismatics?". corporatefinanceinstitute.com. Corporate Finance Institute. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ "numismatist". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 6 September 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Lester, Carl N. "Numismatic "Gumshoe:" On the Trail of King Farouk". Gold Rush Gallery. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ "An Overview of Numismatics". Gainesville Coins. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- ^ "Newman Numismatic Portal at Washington University in St. Louis | Comprehensive Research & Reference for U.S. Coinage". Nnp.wustl.edu. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ "Kagin's Rare Coin & Currency". Coinweek.com. 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ "ICOM Network - Just another WordPress site" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ "International Centre for Numismatics". The Numismatic Chronicle. 9. 1969. JSTOR 42681892.
- ^ "Summer Seminar | American Numismatic Association". www.money.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ "Summer Seminar | American Numismatic Society". Numismatics.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "British Museum - Numismatics summer school". Britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ ingevoerd, Geen OWMS velden. "News". Ru.nl. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "(ANE)". 26 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019.
- ^ https://the-ans.com/ [bare URL]
- ^ "British Medal Art Society |". Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "BANS - The British Association of Numismatic Societies". www.coinclubs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ "The Israel Numismatic Society". www.ins.org.il. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "Home". Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Money & Medals Network". www.moneyandmedals.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ https://numismatics.org.au/ [bare URL]
- ^ "Numismatische Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V." www.numismatische-gesellschaft-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "Oriental Numismatic Society - Home". www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ "Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft – Gesellschaftsabende jeden Mittwoch von 15:00 bis 18:00". Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Home Page - Società Numismatica Italiana". www.socnumit.org. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "Société française de numismatique – Depuis sa création en 1865, la Société française de numismatique offre un lieu de discussions et d'échanges à tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la monnaie et à la médaille, des origines à nos jours". Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Svenska Numismatiska Föreningen - Swedish Numismatic Society". numismatik.se. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Baldwin's - Buy and Sell Rare Coins - Biographical Dictionary of Numismatics - Bibliography - Books". Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ "American Numismatic Biographies". 11 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Whoswho | MünzenWoche". Muenzenwoche.de. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "740 Portraits of famous numismatists. 1. Who died before 1800 ideas | numismatist, famous, pictures". Pinterest. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "500+ Portraits of famous numismatists. 2. Who died after 1800 ideas | numismatist, famous, portrait". Pinterest. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "INC cin". www.inc-cin.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ^ "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Numismatic Biographies - NUMISMATIC MALL.COM". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ "The Numismatic Bibliomania Society (NBS) - Asylum Subject Index". www.coinbooks.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Departments". The British Museum. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Neu bei der MünzenWoche: Der Sammler Who's who". 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "INC cin". www.inc-cin.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Médaille et jeton de vermeil – Société française de numismatique". Sfnumismatique.org. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ "Martin Allen | The Fitzwilliam Museum". www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Mitglieder der Numismatischen Kommission (ÖAW)". 3 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Neu bei der MünzenWoche: Der Sammler Who's who". 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ "Neu bei der MünzenWoche: Der Sammler Who's who". 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ "Marion Archibald, former curator at the British Museum, dies at age 80". 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ "Arnold-Biucchi, Carmen | MünzenWoche". 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Ernest Babelon (1854–1924) by Felicity Bodenstein, in INC, Compte rendu 57, 2010, pp.33-38.
- ^ "Baseri, Khadijeh (Zohreh) | MünzenWoche". Münzenwoche. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ obituaries " A Corner of Tenth-Century Europe Archived 19 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Tenthmedieval.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 24 November 2011.
- ^ Mark Blackburn Archived 14 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Telegraph. Retrieved on 24 November 2011.
- ^ "British Museum - Robert Bracey". www.britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Andrew Brown | The British Museum - Academia.edu". britishmuseum.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ "Dr Andrew Burnett FBA". The British Academy. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Bursche, Aleksander | MünzenWoche". 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Gabriele Lancillotto Castelli (1727-1792) by Katia Longo, INC Compte rendu 61, 2014, pp.32–36.
- ^ Secondina Lorenza Cesano (1879-1973) by Nicola Parise, INC Compte rendu 47, 2000, pp. 60–65.
- ^ Esprit-Marie Cousinéry (1747-1833) by Daniela Willams, INC Compte rendu 59, 2012, pp. 27–37.
- ^ "British Museum - Joe Cribb". Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ "Cribb, Joe | MünzenWoche". Muenzenwoche.de. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ Sylvester Sage Crosby (1831-1914) by John M. Kleeberg, INC Compte rendu 52, 2005, pp. 15-19.
- ^ Hermann Dannenberg (1824-1905) by Bernd Kluge, INC Compte Rendu 60, 2013, pp. 38-42
- ^ "Callataÿ, François de | MünzenWoche". 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Depeyrot, Georges | MünzenWoche". 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Joseph Hilarius Eckhel (1737-1798) by Günther Dembski, INC Compte Rendu 48, 2001, pp. 55-59
- ^ "Etsy,Warren". Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Michel Amandry (2004). "Michael Grant (1914-2004)". Inc-cin.org. INC Compte Rendu 51. pp. 13–19. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ a b "INC cin". Inc-cin.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ N. Keith Rutter (2013). "Barclay Vincent Head (1844-1914)". Inc-cin.org. INC Compte Rendu 60. pp. 25–37. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ Andrew Burnett (1999). "George Hill (1867-1948)". Inc-cin.org. INC Compte Rendu 46. pp. 64–68. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "CONTACT US". www.ashmolean.org. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Neu bei der MünzenWoche: Der Sammler Who's who". 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ Benedikt Zäch (2007). "Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer (1838-1920)". Inc-cin.org. INC Compte Rendu 54. pp. 30–37. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "Lyce Jankowski | Musée royal de Mariemont - Academia.edu". musee-mariemont.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Morcom, John (27 July 2005). "Obituary: Kenneth Jenkins". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Koray Konuk | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / French National Centre for Scientific Research - Academia.edu". cnrs.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ "Andrew Meadows - Classics". www.classics.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Décès de Robert Anthony Merson (1950-2016) – Société française de numismatique". Sfnumismatique.org. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Treasure and the Portable Antiquities Scheme". The British Museum. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Bernhard Overbeck (1942-2018)". 24 July 2018. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ "en | MünzenWoche". Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Dr Adrian Popescu — Faculty of Classics". www.classics.cam.ac.uk. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "GREAT NUMISMATISTS : Carmen Arnold-Biucchi :IOANNIS NICOLAS SVORONOS" (PDF). Inc-cin.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "Francois Thierry | Bibliothèque nationale de France - Academia.edu". bnf.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
