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Night Wolves

Night Wolves MC
Ночные Волки
Nochny'ye Volki
Formation1989
TypeMotorcycle club
Location
MembershipEstimated to have 7,000 members worldwide[2]
LeaderAleksandr Zaldastanov[2]
Websitenightwolves.ru
Night Wolves
Vladimir Putin and Night Wolves biking in Novorossiysk

The Night Wolves (Russian: Ночные Волки, romanized: Nochnye Volki) or Night Wolves Motorcycle Club is a Russian motorcycle club that was founded around the Moscow area in 1989. It holds an international status with at least 45 chapters world-wide.[1]

History

The club began forming out of a mixture of rock music fans and motorcycle enthusiasts who held then-illegal rock concerts in Moscow (see Censorship in the Soviet Union) as far back as 1983.[3] By 1989 the club was consolidated as an informal motorcycle group bearing the name "Night Wolves", during the Perestroika era of the Soviet Union. It became the first official bike club in the USSR. As of the beginning of 2018, the Night Wolves now have chapters in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Germany, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Australia, Slovakia, Belarus, Philippines, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Czech Republic and North Macedonia.[1] Alexander Zaldastanov (also known as The Surgeon) became the leader of the club in 1989.

The club runs multiple rock clubs and arranges many rock concerts in Russia. It also runs several tattoo parlors and is one of the founders of the annual International Moscow Tattoo Convention. In 1995, they launched a clothing line, "Wolf Wear", and established the "Wolf Engineering" custom shop subsidiary. It has gathered mechanics and general motorcycle enthusiasts from all across Russia, runs several motorcycle repair and custom shops and also developed the Wolf-Ural (Волк-Урал) motorcycle together with the manufacturer IMZ-Ural.[4] They usually ride Harley-Davidsons.[5] Another subsidiary is the racing team "Wolf Racing" which was created in 2001 and participates in and organizes various events in Russia.

A member of the Night Wolves, Valery Bely, was shot and killed in a dispute with a rival biker club, Three Roads, in November 2012.[6] The head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, joined the group in August 2014.[7] In May 2015, Zaldastanov inaugurated the group's Chechen branch in Grozny and named Kadyrov its honorary leader.[8]

The Night Wolves set up a compound in Slovakia near Bratislava, not far from the Czech border, housing old tanks and armored vehicles.[9]

Activism

The club has long taken an interest in the political and social life of Russia, engaging in youth social issues,[10] forging close links to the Kremlin and establishing a friendship with President Putin.[11] They also contributed to the invasion of Crimea by patrolling the streets of the peninsula with unmarked soldiers sent from Russia[12][13][14] and fought for the pro-Russian side in the Donbas war.[15] They are involved with the Russian Orthodox Church and make a motorcycle pilgrimage to holy Russian Orthodox sites several times a year.[16]

Relationship with the Kremlin

The club has close ties to Vladimir Putin and a generally Russian nationalist sentiment.[2][5][17] Putin has described them as his "friends" and appeared at their rallies, riding a Harley-Davidson trike.[18] Yale University historian Timothy Snyder believes it serves "as a paramilitary and propaganda arm of the Putin regime."[19]

The Night Wolves are funded by the Kremlin, receiving "several hundred million rubles a year" according to a report in 2013.[5] In May 2015, Alexei Navalny claimed that the Russian government had given 56 million rubles to the group in the preceding year and a half.[20][21] In October 2015, Night Wolves received a donation of 12,000,000 rubles from the Russian government to 'build a "Patriot" youth center in Sevastopol in Crimea'.[22]

The Night Wolves were referred to as "Putin's Angels" in western media coverage in 2015.[23]

Intervention in Ukraine

Further information: Russo-Ukrainian War

Members of the Night Wolves have fought on the side of pro-Russian militants during the annexation of Crimea and the Donbas war. They blockaded the main routes into Sevastopol[24] and participated in attacks on a natural gas facility and the naval headquarters in the city.[25] In April 2015, Agence France-Presse stated that Alexei Vereshchyagin had fought against Ukrainian government forces in Luhansk.[18]

Shows

Their August 2014 show in Sevastopol, supporting the annexation of Crimea by Russia and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by "fascists", was attended by an estimated 100,000 people and broadcast by Russian state television.[26][27]

During their New Year's shows for children, the Night Wolves portrayed the West as conspiring to destroy Russia.[20][21] In a January 2015 interview with RIA Novosti, Zaldastanov stated that "When the kids come to us, we don't cut costs on special effects or efforts to convey to the children a feeling of true drive and danger."[21]

Sanctions

Canada

Canada added Zaldastanov to its sanctions list in February 2015.[28][29] The Night Wolves were included in June 2015.[30]

European Union

In 2015, when the Night Wolves were planning to celebrate the Victory Day — victory over the Nazi Germany in the "Great Patriotic War" — on May 9 with a trip from Moscow to Berlin, the government of Poland refused them entry due to the club members' active support of Putin, and Germany cancelled the bikers' Schengen visas.[31][32] On their way to Berlin, despite visa issues, Night Wolves commemorated the deaths of Polish officers murdered by NKVD in Katyn by lighting candles in their name on 26 April,[33] although Night Wolves and their leader are outspoken supporters of Joseph Stalin, who ordered the murders.[15]

A Polish motorcyclists' organization calling itself the Katyń Motorocycle Raid (KMR) criticized the ban and said that Night Wolves already made two such trips in the past, and Polish public opinion was divided on the decision, with 38.7% supporting it and 28.5% opposing.[34] After the ban, the KMR declared that it would light candles on the graves of fallen Red Army soldiers in the name of the Night Wolves.[35] Families of the Katyń massacre's victims stated that they did not wish to be associated with the KMR.[36]

Vladimir Putin with Night Wolves in 2019

Bikers who wanted to enter Germany at the Berlin Schönefeld Airport were denied entry.[37] On 6 May, one member, who was trying to enter Germany by ship from Helsinki to Travemünde, was deported to Finland.[38]

In July 2022 the EU imposed sanctions on the Nightwolves MC in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[39]

United States

In December 2014, the United States announced sanctions against the Night Wolves[40] due to their involvement in attacks on a gas distribution station in Strilkove and the Ukrainian naval headquarters in Sevastopol, and recruitment of fighters for the war in Donbas.[40]

Views

Night Wolves and Czech nationals laid flowers to the graves of Red Army soldiers killed during the Prague Offensive of 1945, Czech Republic, 7 May 2016
Protest against Night Wolves' ride through Prague, Czech Republic, 7 May 2016

In the very beginning the Night Wolves were often in conflict with other biking clubs. Yevgeny Vorobyev, the leader of the Three Roads, accused them of becoming too politicised. The representative of the Hells Angels in Russia told the Moscow Times, "We call each other brothers and avoid being linked to any religious and political organizations, as these are things that divide people. To express my political views, I vote."[41]

On Stalin

According to Peter Pomerantsev, the Night Wolves admire Joseph Stalin,[5] the Soviet dictator and one of the three main Allied leaders of World War II. On their ride to Berlin for a rally marking the anniversary of the end of World War II in 2015, they displayed red flags with portraits of Stalin and shouted World War II-era Red Army oath "For the Motherland! For Stalin!"[18] According to Alexei Magister, the president of a biker club linked to the Night Wolves, "We are not harming anyone, we are just honouring the memory of those who fell to destroy Fascism".[18]

On their ride to Berlin in 2015, the Night Wolves paid homage to Stalin at the Russia's memorial to Polish prisoners of war killed in the Katyn massacre by the NKVD on Stalin's and Beria's orders in 1940.[42]

On Anti-Maidan protests

In January 2015, the group's leader, the Ukraine-born Alexander Zaldastanov, expressed support for a Russian Anti-Maidan movement which said it was ready to use violence to stop anti-government protesters.[43][44]

On foreign countries

Night Wolves in Sofia, Bulgaria holding Bulgarian and Russian flags, 1 July 2016

In an interview, Zaldastanov said "For the first time we showed resistance to the global Satanism, the growing savagery of Western Europe, the rush to consumerism that denies all spirituality, the destruction of traditional values, all this homosexual talk, this American democracy."[14]

In an interview with Finnish journalist Juha Portaankorva in 2016, Zaldastanov said "I would love Finland to stay a good neighbor of Russia. I would love the Finns to trust Russia more than America."[45]

On LGBT people

In January 2015, Zaldastanov suggested that "Death to faggots" could be an alternate name for the Russian anti-Maidan movement.[43] At a February 2015 "Anti-Maidan" rally in Moscow organized by Zaldastanov, popular slogans included "We don't need Western ideology and gay parades!"[46]

Membership

According to some of the Night Wolves, a prospective member must be male, from a former Soviet country, invited by an existing member, and must participate in club events for two years before becoming a member.[47]

The Night Wolves claim not to discriminate on religious grounds.[47] The Night Wolves are openly homophobic and do not allow gay men to join the club; women are also not allowed to join.[48]

The Night Wolves have over 7,000 members,[2] including Ramzan Kadyrov, the Head of the Chechen Republic.[49]

There is a Night Wolves chapter in North Macedonia.[50]

Media

Mark Galeotti, writing in The Moscow Times, described the Night Wolves as "a case study in the Kremlin's strategy of adopting and taming potentially hostile groups and using them precisely as tools of control—counter-counterculture, as it were."[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Romriell, Lucas (January 2003). "The Wolfmen". Cycle World: 90–91.
  2. ^ a b c d Alsop, Harry (March 2, 2014). "Meet the Night Wolves – Putin's Hell's Angels". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  3. ^ "Nwrussia.info - Domain Name for Sale" Ночные Волки » История [Night Wolves - History]. Nwrussia.info (in Russian). Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  4. ^ "Мотоцикл Урал Волк". 750cc.ru. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d Pomerantsev, Peter (10 October 2013). "Forms of Delirium". London Review of Books, Vol. 35, No. 19. pp. 5–7.
  6. ^ Parfitt, Tom (November 14, 2012). "Member of Vladimir Putin's favourite biker group shot dead". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  7. ^ "Kadyrov Shows Some Love to 'Night Wolves' Biker Gang". Moscow Times. 21 December 2014.
  8. ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (24 May 2015). "Strongman Leader Kadyrov Named Honorary Chief of Chechen Night Wolves". Moscow Times.
  9. ^ "Russia's Night Wolves Mark Territory In Slovakia". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  10. ^ Молодежная автономная некоммерческая организация "Ночные Волки" (in Russian). Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  11. ^ Noack, Rick (25 April 2015). "An ultra-nationalist Russian biker gang is invading Europe, and Poland isn't happy". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ Kozlowska, Hanna (27 April 2015). "Poland puts a stop to a pro-Putin biker gang's European invasion". Quartz.
  13. ^ Shuster, Simon (28 February 2014). "Russia Ups the Ante in Crimea by Sending in the 'Night Wolves'". Time.
  14. ^ a b Parfitt, Tom (17 March 2015). "Crimea, one year on: the Night Wolves howl for Putin". The Telegraph. London.
  15. ^ a b Luhn, Alec (25 April 2015). "Poland's stance is 'anti-Russian hysteria', says Night Wolves leader". The Guardian.
  16. ^ Авто Mail.ru (19 April 2012). "Ночные волки за Патриарха - автоновости - Авто Mail.Ru". Авто Mail.Ru. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  17. ^ Parfitt, Tom (24 March 2015). "Putin's outrider: 'The Surgeon' vows to quell anti-Kremlin dissent". The Telegraph. London.
  18. ^ a b c d Popov, Maxime (25 April 2015). "Pro-Kremlin bikers ride for Berlin defying bans from Germany, Poland". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse.
  19. ^ Snyder, Timothy (2018). The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. London, U.K.: The Bodley Head. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-847-92526-8. The public spectacle of the Russian invasion was provided by the Night Wolves, a Russian biker gang that served as a paramilitary and propaganda arm of the Putin regime.
  20. ^ a b Dolgov, Anna (6 May 2015). "Navalny: Russian Bikers Given Grants to Stage Anti-Western Shows for Kids". Moscow Times.
  21. ^ a b c "The Terrifying Kids Show Staged By Pro-Putin Bikers And Paid For By Taxpayers". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 May 2015.
  22. ^ "Russian Bikers and War Veterans Given Grants for Patriotic Youth Centers". Themoscowtimes.com.
  23. ^ Tabor, Damon (8 October 2015). "Putin's Angels: Inside Russia's Largest Motorcycle Club". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  24. ^ Salem, Harriet (February 28, 2014). "Ukraine: Night Wolves and unidentified military men seize key Crimea sites". The Guardian. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  25. ^ Parfitt, Tom (21 December 2014). "US slaps sanctions on Putin's biker gang over Ukraine". The Telegraph. London.
  26. ^ Kates, Glenn (August 11, 2014). "Sevastopol's Olympic-Sized Take On Ukraine: Bikers, Ballet, And Swastikas". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  27. ^ Seddon, Max (August 11, 2014). "Watch The Pro-Putin Rally Where The War In Ukraine Was Performed By A Motorbike Gang". BuzzFeed.
  28. ^ Government of Canada 17 Febr. 2015: : Expanded sanctions list, Regulations Amending the Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Dyer, Evan (19 February 2015). "Alexander Zaldostanov, Russian biker, makes Canada's sanctions list". CBC News.
  30. ^ "Expanded Sanctions List". Pm.gc.ca. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015.
  31. ^ "Polish Foreign Ministry: Germany cancels Russian Night Wolves bikers' Schengen visas". Unian.info.
  32. ^ "Poland bars Putin-backed bikers". BBC. 24 April 2015.
  33. ^ "Nocne Wilki oddały hołd pomordowanym w Katyniu polskim oficerom". Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl.
  34. ^ "Nocne Wilki nie wjadą do Polski. Jest decyzja". Polska.newsweek.pl. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  35. ^ "Niebywałe! Motocykliści z Rajdu Katyńskiego zapalą znicze na grobach sowieckich żołnierzy". Niezalezna.pl. 25 April 2015.
  36. ^ "Komandor Wegrzyn chwali się imprezami z 'Nocnym Wilkami'. Rodziny Katyńskie oburzone". Niezalezna.pl. 15 April 2015.
  37. ^ "Russian bikers detained in the airport of Berlin - Полезно Знать". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
  38. ^ "Night Wolves member sent back to Finland from Germany - national". Finlandtimes.fi.
  39. ^ "COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2022/1270 of 21 July 2022". Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  40. ^ a b "Treasury Targets Additional Ukrainian Separatists and Russian Individuals and Entities". Treasury.gov. 19 December 2014.
  41. ^ "More to Russian Bikers than the Night Wolves". Moscow Times. 27 July 2015.
  42. ^ "Poland denies Russia 'Night Wolves' bikers entry". Al Jazeera. 27 April 2015.
  43. ^ a b Walker, Shaun (15 January 2015). "Patriotic group formed to defend Russia against pro-democracy protesters". The Guardian.
  44. ^ "Putin Now Has His Storm Troopers and Pogroms Will Surely Follow, Ganapolsky Says". Interpretermag.com. 23 January 2015.
  45. ^ Yön sudet ovat valmiita kuolemaan Venäjän puolesta: "Putin on vapauden symboli". Yle. 20 May 2016.
  46. ^ Parfitt, Tom; Oliphant, Roland (21 February 2015). "Thousands take part in 'Anti-Maidan' protest in Moscow against uprising in Ukraine". The Telegraph. London.
  47. ^ a b Llobet, Anais; Popov, Maxime (7 October 2014). "Leader Of Putin's Favorite Biker Gang: 'We Consider Ourselves Part Of The Army Of Russia'". Business Insider. Agence France-Presse.
  48. ^ "Russia's Night Wolves ride alongside Putin | Russia Beyond the Headlines ASIA". Archived from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  49. ^ "Independent News for America - news and views from the US". Independent News for America. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  50. ^ "NIGHT WOLVES MG -Moto Club North Macedonia". Nightwolves.com.mk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  51. ^ Galeotti, Mark (19 May 2015). "An Unusual Friendship: Bikers and the Kremlin (Op-Ed)". Moscow Times.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Wolves