Mickey Mouse (TV series)
Mickey Mouse | |
---|---|
Also known as | Mickey Mouse Shorts |
Genre | Comedy Slapstick |
Created by | Paul Rudish |
Based on | Mickey Mouse by Walt Disney Ub Iwerks |
Developed by | Paul Rudish |
Voices of | |
Composer | Christopher Willis[1] |
Country of origin | United States |
Original language | English |
No. of seasons | 5 |
No. of episodes | 94 (+ 2 special episodes) (list of episodes) |
Production | |
Executive producer | Paul Rudish |
Running time | 3–4 minutes (87 episodes) 7 minutes (7 episodes) 22 minutes (2 specials)[2] |
Production company | Disney Television Animation |
Original release | |
Network | Disney Channel YouTube |
Release | June 28, 2013 July 20, 2019 | –
Related | |
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Mickey Mouse (also known as Mickey Mouse Shorts) is an American animated television series produced by Disney Television Animation. Featuring Disney cartoon characters Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Goofy and Pluto in contemporary settings such as Paris, Venice, Tokyo and New York, the series has the slapstick feel of the earliest Mickey Mouse shorts while providing a modern update, and "presents Mickey in a broad range of humorous situations that showcase his pluck and rascality, along with his long-beloved charm and good heartedness".[3] The animation is provided by Mercury Filmworks.[4]
The series was developed by artist Paul Rudish, who was the co-creator of the Cartoon Network television series Sym-Bionic Titan and is also the series' executive producer and supervising director,[5] while Joseph Holt is the series' art director.[5] Chris Diamantopoulos was cast instead of Bret Iwan, because the producers wanted a voice that sounded similar to the one used by Walt Disney for Walt's portrayal of Mickey.[6] Paul Rudish, Jenny Gase-Baker and Joseph Holt won three Emmy Awards for their work on the series in September 2013.
The pilot episode, "Croissant de Triomphe", was first released as a special preview on March 12, 2013, on Disney.com.[3] The series officially premiered on June 28 of that year on Disney Channel and YouTube, followed by the releases on Disney.com and Watch Disney Channel.[3] A total of 18 episodes aired in the first season while the second season, premiering on April 11, 2014, consisting of 19 episodes.[5] The third season premiered on July 17, 2015, with 20 episodes aired.[7] The fourth season premiered on June 9, 2017, with 19 episodes aired. The fifth (later final) season of the original series premiered on October 6, 2018, with 18 episodes aired.[8]
The series was succeeded with The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse, which premiered on Disney+, on November 18, 2020, to coincide with Mickey's 92nd birthday.[9]
Voice cast
- Chris Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse and Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse[10][11]
- Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse[10][11] and Huey, Dewey, and Louie
- Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck[10]
- Bill Farmer as Goofy and Pluto[10]
- Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck[10] and Chip
- Jim Cummings as Pete
- Corey Burton as Ludwig Von Drake and Dale
- April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow
- Alan Young (2015–16) and John Kassir (2016–18) as Scrooge McDuck
Cameos
- Yeti from Matterhorn Bobsleds appears in "Yodelberg"
- Cinderella and Prince Charming from Cinderella appear in "Croissant de Triomphe"
- Casey Junior, Dumbo, Timothy Q. Mouse and the Crows from Dumbo appear in "New Shoes"
- King Candy's name from Wreck-It Ralph
- Horace Horsecollar
- Clara Cluck
- Luxo Ball from Luxo Jr.
- Lady, Tramp and Peg from Lady and the Tramp
- Glut the Shark, Sebastian and his Band from The Little Mermaid
- Belle, the Beast and Sultan from Beauty and the Beast
- José Carioca from Saludos Amigos
- Panchito Pistoles from The Three Caballeros
- Buzzie, Flaps, Dizzie and Ziggy, King Louie, Flunkey and his Monkeys from The Jungle Book appear in "Mumbai Madness"
- Snow White, her Dwarfs, and the Evil Queen from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
- Eeyore's Tail and Winnie the Pooh's Honey from the Winnie the Pooh franchise
- Pinocchio, Geppetto and Monstro from Pinocchio
- Teenagers from All the Cats Join In appear in "Couple Sweaters"
- Beagle Boys appear in "Sock Burglar" and "Touchdown and Out"
- The Phantom Blot appears in "Sock Burglar"
- Big Bad Wolf from Three Little Pigs appears in "Sock Burglar" and "The Perfect Dream"
- The names of Fantasia 2000 and Pumbaa from The Lion King
- Thumper and Bambi from his film
- Gus Goose
- Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
- Chernabog from Fantasia appears in "Touchdown and Out" and "The Scariest Story Ever"
- The Ostriches from Fantasia appear in "Carnaval"
- Martian Robot from Mickey Mouse Works appears in "Feed the Birds"
- Walt Disney
- Jafar from Aladdin appears in "Feed the Birds"
- Mary Poppins, Penguin Waiters and Jolly Holiday Farm Animals from Mary Poppins
- Raja the Tiger from Goliath II
- Fifer Pig, Fiddler Pig and Practical Pig from Three Little Pigs appear in "No"
- Humphrey the Bear
- Destiny from Enchanted
- The King from Brave Little Tailor appears in "Roll 'em"
- Wolf Arrowmen from Robin Hood appear in "Roll 'em"
- Martian Mastermind from Mars and Beyond appears in "Roll 'em"
- Young Tantor and his mother from Tarzan
- A VHS copy of The Black Cauldron
- Nana from Peter Pan appears in "You, Me and Fifi"
- Copper from The Fox and the Hound appears in "You, Me and Fifi"
- Pongo from One Hundred and One Dalmatians appears in "You, Me and Fifi"
- Tito from Oliver & Company appears in "You, Me and Fifi"
- Three Little Wolves from their short film
- Max Hare and Toby Tortoise from The Tortoise and the Hare
Episodes
Season | Episodes | Originally aired | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
First aired | Last aired | |||
1 | 18 | June 28, 2013 | March 7, 2014 | |
2 | 19 | April 11, 2014 | June 9, 2015 | |
3 | 20 | July 17, 2015 | July 29, 2016 | |
4 | 19 | June 9, 2017 | July 14, 2018 | |
5 | 18 | October 6, 2018 | July 20, 2019 | |
Specials | 2 | December 9, 2016 | October 8, 2017 |
Broadcast
As of March 2014, a total of 100 million viewers in the United States had seen the series, and it was airing in 160 countries.[12] As of June 2014, the show, translated in 34 languages, had reached over 135 million viewers worldwide.[13]
Home media
Title | Season(s) | Episodes | Total running time | Release date | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region 1 | |||||
The Complete First Season | 1–2 | 19 (1–18, 22) | 1 hour, 15 minutes | August 26, 2014[14] | |
Merry and Scary | 1–3 | 7 (10, 27, 43, 54, 56, 58, 67) | 43 minutes | August 29, 2017[15] |
Season | Episodes | Release number | Episode count | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2013–14 | 18 | 1[16] | 9 | |
2[17] | 10 | ||||
2 | 2014–15 | 19 | |||
3[18] | 10 | ||||
4[19] | 10 | ||||
3 | 2015–16 | 20 | |||
5[20] | 9 | ||||
6[21] | 9 | ||||
4 | 2017–18 | 19 | 7[22] | 10 | |
8[23] | 9 | ||||
5 | 2018–19 | 18 | 9[24] | 9 | |
10[25] | 9 |
Awards and nominations
Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | Primetime Emmy Award[26][27] | Outstanding Short Form Animated Program | For "Croissant de Triomphe" | Won |
Outstanding Individual Achievements In Animation | For Jenny Gase-Baker in Background Painting, "Croissant de Triomphe" | Won | ||
Outstanding Individual Achievements In Animation | For Joseph Holt for Art Direction, "Croissant de Triomphe" | Won | ||
National Cartoonists Society Division Awards | Television Animation Award | Paul Rudish | Won | |
2014 | Annie Awards[28] | Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Paul Rudish | Won |
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Christopher Willis | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Illya Owens | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Aaron Springer | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Alonso Ramos-Ramirez | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Bill Farmer as Goofy | Nominated | ||
Chris Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse | Nominated | |||
Primetime Emmy Award[29][30] | Outstanding Short-format Animated Program | For "'O Sole Minnie'" | Won | |
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance | Chris Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse, "The Adorable Couple" | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Individual Achievements In Animation | Narina Sokolova, background designer, "O Sole Minnie" | Won | ||
Valerio Vaentura, background designer, "The Adorable Couple" | Won | |||
2015 | Annie Awards[31] | Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Andy Suriano | Nominated |
Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Aaron Springer | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Christopher Willis | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Production Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Joseph Holt | Nominated | ||
Narina Sokolova | Won | |||
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Heiko Drengenberg | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Bill Farmer as Goofy and Grandma, "Goofy's Grandma" | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Writing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Darrick Bachman | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Illya Owens | Won | ||
Annecy International Animation Film Festival[32][33] | TV series | For "Eau de Minnie" | Nominated | |
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Short-Format Animated Program | For "Mumbai Madness" | Nominated | |
2016 | Annie Awards | Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Dave Wasson for "Coned" | Nominated |
Heiko Dregenberg for "Bottle Shocked" | Nominated | |||
Outstanding Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Christopher Willis for "¡Feliz Cumpleaños!" | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Alonso Ramirez Ramos for "¡Feliz Cumpleaños!" | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Illya Owens for "Coned" | Won | ||
2017 | Annie Awards[34][35] | Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Christopher Willis for "Dancevidaniya" | Nominated |
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Heiko Von Drengenberg for "Road Hogs" | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Illya Owens for "Sock Burglar" | Won | ||
Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Short Form Animated Program | "Split Decisions" | Nominated | |
Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics | "Jing-a-Ling-a-Ling" Christopher Willis (music & lyrics) Darrick Bachman (lyrics) Paul Rudish (lyrics) (Episode: "Duck the Halls: A Mickey Mouse Christmas Special") |
Nominated | ||
2018 | Annie Awards | Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Dave Wasson, Eddie Trigueros, and Alonso Ramirez-Ramos for "The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular!" | Won |
Outstanding Achievement for Music in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Christopher Willis for "The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular!" | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement for Storyboarding in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Eddie Trigueros for "Bee Inspired" | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Jenny Gase-Baker and Justin Martin for "The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular!" | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Voice Acting in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Chris Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse, "The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular!" | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Darrick Bachman for "Locked in Love" | Nominated | ||
Daytime Emmy Awards[36] | Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program | Alonso Ramirez-Ramos | Nominated | |
Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Individual Achievements In Animation | Justin Martin, background designer, "The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular" | Won | |
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance | Russi Taylor as Huey/Dewey/Louie/Grandma/The Witch and Minnie Mouse, "The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular" | Nominated | ||
2019 | Annie Awards[37] | Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Eddie Trigueros for "Feed the Birds" | Won |
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production | Christopher Willis for "Springtime" | Won | ||
Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Justin Martin for "Amore Motore" | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Achievement for Storyboarding in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Alonso Ramirez-Ramos for "Carnaval" | Won | ||
Daytime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Children's Animated Series | Paul Rudish and Todd Popp | Nominated | |
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program | Chris Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse | Nominated | ||
Outstanding Music Direction and Composition | Christopher Willis | Nominated | ||
2020 | Annie Awards[38][39] | Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Children | For "Carried Away" | Won |
Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production | Alonso Ramirez-Ramos for "For Whom the Bell Tolls" | Won | ||
Daytime Emmy Awards[40] | Outstanding Directing for an Animated Program | Eddie Trigueros | Won | |
Outstanding Editing for an Animated Program | Tony Molina, Mark Bollinger (assistant editor) | Won |
Theme park attractions
A Mickey Mouse-themed attractions, Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway and Vacation Fun – An Original Animated Short with Mickey & Minnie, replaced The Great Movie Ride and Star Wars: Path of the Jedi at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida. This attraction was also located at the Mickey's Toontown section of Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort, which opened on January 27, 2023 in Anaheim, California.[41] The attraction is the third Mickey Mouse-themed attraction at any Disney property worldwide, only behind Mickey's PhilharMagic,[a] directly based on the series and involves guests watching the premiere of a new Mickey Mouse cartoon and then entering the cartoon itself. The show's creative team, including Paul Rudish, Joseph Holt and composer Christopher Willis, collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering to create the attractions, which opened on March 4, 2020, at Disney's Hollywood Studios.[42]
Music
On July 21, 2023, Walt Disney Records released a soundtrack album of several songs from the series.[43]
Soundtrack
Mickey Mouse (Music from the Disney Mickey Mouse Shorts) | |
---|---|
Soundtrack album by | |
Released | July 23, 2023 |
Length | 16:55 |
Label | Walt Disney Records |
Producer | Christopher Willis |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Performer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | "Our Homespun Melody" | Christopher Willis, Elyse Willis | Mickey Mouse | 2:47 |
2. | "Yodelberg" | Bob Jackman, Buddy Baker, Christopher Willis | Kerry Christensen, Emelie Laudie | 1:26 |
3. | "Pua Nani Ē" | Christopher Willis, Johnson Enos, Sharyn Gabriel | Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Raiatea Helm | 1:40 |
4. | "Happy Birthday, Mickey Mouse" | Christopher Willis, Paul Rudish | Minnie Mouse | 0:33 |
5. | "Top of the World" | Christopher Willis | Mickey Mouse | 1:13 |
6. | "Carried Away" | Christopher Willis, Elyse Willis | Minnie Mouse | 2:17 |
7. | "Mumbai Madness" | Charanjeet Virdi, Christopher Willis, Ravindran Achariya | Charanjeet 'CJ' Virdi, Farah Kidwai | 3:08 |
8. | "Springtime Symphony" | Christopher Willis | Christopher Willis | 3:47 |
Total length: | 16:55 |
Notes
- ^ The term "attraction" refers to amusement rides, whereas character meet-and-greets do not apply.
References
- ^ "Putting Mickey Mouse to Music: An Interview with Composer Chris Willis". Disney Insider. September 29, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
- ^ Amidi, Amid (March 29, 2014). "Second Season of Mickey Mouse Shorts Will Debut in April". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Most of them are under four minutes in length,...
- ^ a b c Disney Channel (March 12, 2013). "Mickey Mouse to Star in All-New Cartoon Shorts With Classic Comedy, Contemporary Flair" (Press release). Zap2it. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
- ^ Hill, Jim (October 15, 2014). "How Comic-Con Helped Create Fans for Disney XD's Star vs. The Forces of Evil Six Months Before Its First Episode Airs". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c Beck, Jerry (March 28, 2014). "Second Season of "Mickey Mouse" Shorts begin April 11th". Animation Scoop. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
- ^ "D23.com | Dave Smith Reveals Where the "33" in Disneyland's Exclusive and Famed Club 33 Comes From | *Walt Disney Archives — Iris, Ask Dave, Parks". Wayback Machine. March 29, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
- ^ Wolfe, Jennifer (July 9, 2015). "Third Season of 'Mickey Mouse' Shorts Arrives July 17". Animation World Network. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk (March 2018). "Disney Announces Events, TV Special, and More for Year-Long Mickey's 90th Celebration". March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- ^ Bezilla, Carly (September 14, 2020). "JUST ANNOUNCED: The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse Comes to Disney+ in November". D23. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, Blake (June 27, 2013). "Disney Shorts Debut with New Voice for Mickey Mouse". The Rotoscopers.
- ^ a b King, Susan (June 21, 2014). "Russi Taylor, the voice and personality of Minnie Mouse". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ Disney Channel (March 28, 2014). "Second Season of 'Mickey Mouse' Cartoon Shorts Premieres Friday April 11 on Disney Channel" (Press release). Zap2it. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
- ^ Wolfe, Jennifer (June 23, 2014). "Disney Starts Production on New 'Pickle & Peanut' Animated Series". Animation World Network. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- ^ "Disney's Mickey Mouse: Season One DVD". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
- ^ "Laugh your way to the holidays with Disney's new "Mickey Mouse: Merry & Scary" on DVD". Insidethemagic.com. June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 1". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 2". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 3". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 4". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 5". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 6". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 7". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 8". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 9". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Disney Mickey Mouse, Vol. 10". iTunes Store. June 28, 2013.
- ^ "2013 primetime emmy award nominations" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
- ^ "2013 Creative Arts Emmys Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Wolfe, Jennifer (December 2, 2013). "41st Annie Awards Nominations Announced". Animation World Network. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
- ^ "66th Emmy Nomination List" (PDF). Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ^ de Moraes, Lisa (August 16, 2014). "Creative Arts Emmy Awards winner" (PDF). emmys.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- ^ Amidi, Amid (December 1, 2014). "42nd Annie Award Nominations Announced: Complete List". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ^ "TV films in Competition 4". Annecy. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ McLean, Tom (June 10, 2015). "Disney's Annecy Delegation Talk Year of the Woman". Animation Magazine. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ Flores, Terry (November 28, 2016). "'Zootopia' Tops Annie Awards Nominations, 'Kubo and the Two Strings' in Close Second". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees". Annie Awards. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 45TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY® AWARDS" (PDF). Emmy Awards Official Site. March 21, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "46th Annual Annie Awards". annieawards.org. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ Pedersen, Erik (January 25, 2020). "Annie Awards: 'Klaus' & Netflix Dominate Animation Awards – Winners List". Deadline. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- ^ "Best Editorial — Feature -Annie Awards: 'Frozen 2,' 'Missing Link' Lead Year of Surprises and Snubs". The Hollywood Reporter. December 2, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- ^ "WINNERS FROM THE CHILDREN'S, LIFESTYLE & ANIMATION CEREMONY – The Emmys" (PDF). theemmys.tv.
- ^ Ramirez, Michael (April 19, 2019). "Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway to Roll into Disneyland Park". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Thomas. "First Mickey-Themed Ride-Through Attraction, Mickey and Minnie's Runaway Railway, Coming to Disney's Hollywood Studios". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^ Betti, Tony (July 21, 2023). "Disney Releases Digital Soundtrack to "Mickey Mouse" Shorts". Laughing Place. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
External links
- Official website
- Mickey Mouse at IMDb
- Review of "Croissant de Triomphe" at FLIP animation magazine Retrieved March 2013