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Martelé (bowstroke)

Two ways in which the martelé bowstroke is commonly notated.
An excerpt from Dotzauer's cello étude no. 6, played with martelé bowing

Martelé (French pronunciation: [maʁt(ə)le]; literally meaning "hammered")[1][2] is a percussive bow stroke used when playing bowed string instruments, though the Italian martellando and martellato are also applied to piano and vocal technique, and even (by Franz Liszt) to the organ.[3] The effect is usually produced by holding the bow against the string with pressure, then releasing it explosively to produce a sharp, biting attack with a rest between strokes.[1]

History

Bows made in the 18th century and earlier, due to their lack of a ferrule, were unable to support the pressure needed to perform the martelé stroke. It wasn't until François Tourte made changes to the bow between 1785 and 1790, including the addition of a ferrule, that the bow was suited for supporting that kind of pressure.[1][4]

Typically, martelé is notated with triangular wedged accents, but throughout history they have been notated with combinations of staccato markings and accents, as well as implied through indications of sforzando markings.[1][5]

Technique

Martelé is a form of détaché, which is a term for any bow stroke that is separate from those adjacent to it.[1] To perform the martelé stroke on a string instrument, the player begins by using their index finger to apply pressure to the string. Then the pressure is released, and the wrist moves to perform a short détaché stroke before stopping on the string. A pause is given before proceeding to the next stroke.[5][6]

Due to the pause and need for preparation between strokes, martelé is unable to be performed on passages of exceptional speed.[1][5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Bachmann, Werner; Seletsky, Robert E.; Boyden, David D.; Liivoja-Lorius, Jaak; Walls, Peter; Cooke, Peter (2001). "Bow". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03753. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ Martelé. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17877.
  3. ^ The Oxford companion to music. Alison Latham. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-19-866212-2. OCLC 59376677.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Childs, Paul (2001). "Tourte family". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28231. ISBN 9781561592630. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ a b c "How to Master Martele". Strings Magazine. 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  6. ^ Richard., Scholz (1900). The technique of the violin. In its entirety, presented according to the latest system ... together with the art of musical interpretation with special references to the art of violin-playing. C. Fischer. OCLC 603759.


Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martellato