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Marie Laveau

This article is about the historical New Orleans figure. For the Bobby Bare song, see Marie Laveau (song). For the American Horror Story character, see Marie Laveau (American Horror Story).

Marie Laveau
Marie Laveaux
Born
Marie Catherine Laveau

(1801-09-10)September 10, 1801
New Orleans, Louisiana[nb 1]
DiedJune 15, 1881(1881-06-15) (aged 79)
New Orleans, Louisiana
Resting placeSaint Louis Cemetery No. 1
Occupation(s)Occultist, voodoo priestess, midwife, nurse, herbalist
Spouse
Jacques Paris
​
​
(m. 1819; died 1823)​
Partner
Christophe Glapion
​
(died 1855)​
Parents
  • Charles Laveau (father)
  • Marguerite Henry (known as D'Arcantel) (mother)

Marie Catherine Laveau (September 10, 1801 – June 15, 1881)[1][2][nb 2] was a Louisiana Creole practitioner of Voodoo, herbalist and midwife who was renowned in New Orleans. Her daughter, Marie Laveau II (1827 – c. 1862), also practiced rootwork, conjure, Native American and African spiritualism as well as Louisiana Voodoo and traditional Roman Catholicism.[3] An alternate spelling of her name, Laveaux, is considered by historians to be from the original French spelling.[1]

Early life

Historical records state that Marie Catherine Laveau was born a free woman of color in New Orleans's French Quarter, Louisiana, on Thursday, September 10, 1801. At the time of her birth, Louisiana was still administered by Spanish colonial officials, although by treaty the territory had been restored to the French First Republic a year prior.[1] Her mother Marguerite D'Arcantel was a free woman of African, European, and Native American ancestry.[4] Because Laveau's mother was not married at the time of her birth, her father was not identified on her 1801 baptismal record. A possible candidate is Charles Laveau, the son of Charles Laveau Trudeau, a white Louisiana creole and politician. Other historians claim that Laveau's father was a free man of color named Charles Laveaux. Much of the confusion is due to inconsistent spellings in surviving records.

On August 4, 1819, she married Jacques Paris (also known as Santiago Paris in Spanish records), a free man of color who was among the thousands of émigrés from Saint-Domingue to New Orleans in the wake of the Haitian Revolution.[5][6] Their marriage certificate is preserved in the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans.[5] The wedding mass was performed by Father Antonio de Sedella, the Capuchin priest known as Père Antoine.[7] The couple had two daughters, Félicité (b. 1817) and Angèle (b. 1822), who are presumed to have died in childhood.[8] Paris worked as a carpenter in New Orleans until 1822; after which he disappears from city records. He is believed to have died in Baton Rouge in 1823.[9] On Félicité's 1824 baptismal certificate, Laveau is referred to as "the Widow Paris".[8]

Personal life

Following the reported death of her husband Jacques Paris, she entered a domestic partnership with Christophe Dominick Duminy de Glapion, a nobleman of French descent, with whom she lived until his death in 1855.[10] They were reported to have had 15 children (it is unclear if that includes children and grandchildren).[11] They had seven children according to birth and baptismal records: François-Auguste Glapion, Marie-Louise "Caroline" Glapion, Marie-Angélie Paris, Célestin Albert Glapion, Arcange Glapion, Félicité Paris, Marie-Philomène Glapion, and Marie-Héloïse Eucharist Glapion.[12] Only Marie-Héloïse and Marie-Philomène survived into adulthood.[12]

Marie Laveau is confirmed to have owned at least seven slaves during her lifetime.[13][14]

During her life Marie Laveau was known to have attended to prisoners who were sentenced to death. Rumors circulated that some prisoners would receive poisons or other substances before going to the gallows, but this was never proven.[15] A reporter from the New Orleans Republican detailed one such visit in an article published on May 14, 1871, in which he describes Marie Laveau as a “devout and acceptable member of the Catholic communion."[16] Following her death, her daughter Philomène confirmed during an interview with a reporter from the Picayune that only Catholic traditions would take place during these visits, and that her mother would also prepare the men's last meal and pray with them. Marie Laveau also sought pardons or commutations of sentences for those she favored and was often successful in her efforts.[17]

She was known to care for the sick in her community during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 by providing herbal remedies and prayers for the afflicted.[18][19] Her other community activities included visiting prisoners, providing lessons to the women of the community, and doing rituals for those in need without charge.[20]

Career

Marie Laveau was a dedicated practitioner of Voodoo, a healer, an herbalist, and an entrepreneur.[21] Laveau was also known as a prominent female religious leader and community activist.[21]

Laveau started a beauty parlor where she was a hair-dresser for the wealthier families of New Orleans.[2] She excelled at obtaining inside information on her wealthy patrons at the beauty parlor by listening to ladies gossiping, or from their servants whom she either paid or cured of mysterious ailments.[7] She used this information during her Voodoo consultations with wealthy Orleanian women to enhance her image as a clairvoyant; and used this intel to give them practical advice. She also made money by selling her clients gris gris as charms to help their wishes come true.[22]

In her role as a Voodoo practitioner, customers often appealed to Laveau for help with family disputes, health, finances, and more. Laveau performed her services in three main places: her own home on St. Ann Street, within Congo Square, and at Lake Pontchartrain. She was the third female leader of Voodoo in New Orleans (the first was Sanité Dédé, who ruled for a few years before being usurped by Marie Saloppé), a New Orleans voodoo "queen", or priestess.[23] Marie Laveau maintained her authority throughout her leadership, although there was an attempt to challenge her in 1850. Due to her strong influence, New Orleans Voodoo lost a large number of adherents after her death.[24] Her daughter, Marie Laveau II displayed more theatrical rubrics by holding public events (including inviting attendees to St. John's Eve rituals on Bayou St. John).[2]

Of Laveau's magical career, there is little that can be substantiated, including whether or not she had a snake she named Zombi after an African god, whether the occult part of her magic mixed Roman Catholic saints with African spirits, and Native American Spiritualism.[25]

Death

Plaque at the grave of Louisiana Voodoo Queen, Marie Laveau

Marie Catherine Laveau Paris Glapion died on June 15, 1881, aged 79.[1][26] The different spellings of her surname result from many different women with the same name in New Orleans at the time, and her age at death from conflicting accounts of her birth date.[2]

On June 17, 1881, it was announced in the Daily Picayune that Marie Laveau had died peacefully in her home.[7] According to the Louisiana Writer's Project, her funeral was lavish and attended by a diverse audience including members of the white elite.[21] Oral tradition states that she was seen by some people in town after her supposed demise.[5] News of her death was featured in a number of newspapers, including the "Staunton Spectator" in Virginia,[27] the "Omaha Daily Bee" in Nebraska,[28] as well as several newspapers published in Minnesota.[29]

At least two of her daughters were named Marie, following the French Catholic tradition to have the first names of daughters be Marie, and boys Joseph, then each use middle name as the common name. One of her daughters named Marie possibly assumed her position, with her name, and carried on her magical practice, taking over as the queen soon before or after the first Marie's death.[3] Malvina Latour has also been reported as being Laveau's successor.[30]

Legacy

Laveau's name and her history have been surrounded by legend and lore. She is generally believed to have been buried in plot 347, the Glapion family crypt in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1, New Orleans,[31] but this has been disputed[32] by Robert Tallant, a journalist who used her as a character in historical novels.[7] Tourists continue to visit and some draw X marks in accordance with a decades-old tradition that if people wanted Laveau to grant them a wish, they had to draw three X's on the tomb, turn around three times, knock on the tomb, yell out their wish, and if it was granted, come back, circle their X, and leave Laveau an offering.[32]

In 1982, New Jersey–based punk rock group The Misfits were arrested and accused of attempting to exhume Laveau from her grave after a local concert. The arrest took place in nearby Cemetery No. 2 and there are conflicting accounts of the incident.[33]

The tomb in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1 was vandalized by an unknown person on December 17, 2013, by being painted over with pink latex paint. The paint was removed because the structure is made of old plaster and the latex paint would seal in the moisture that would destroy the plaster. Some historical preservation experts criticized officials of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, who maintain the cemetery, for their decision to use pressure washing rather than paint stripper to remove it.[34][35] After the cleaning, the archdiocese and local nonprofit Save Our Cemeteries collaborated over three months in 2014 to restore the tomb. The project removed crumbling plaster, rebuilt the roof, and added several coats of new plaster and lime wash. During the restorations, however, the project was plagued by tomb visitors scratching X marks into the new plaster.[36]

As of March 1, 2015, there is no longer public access to St. Louis Cemetery No. 1. Entry with a tour guide is required because of continued vandalism and the destruction of tombs. This change was made by the Archdiocese of New Orleans to protect the tombs of the Laveau family as well as those of the many other dead interred there.[3]

Although some references to Marie Laveau in popular culture refer to her as a "witch," she has also been called a "Voudou Priestess",[37] and she is frequently described as a 'Voodoo queen'.[37] At the time of her death, The New York Times, The New Orleans Daily Picayune, the Daily States and other news sources describe her as "woman of great beauty, intellect, and charisma who was also pious, charitable, and a skilled herbal healer."[21]

The mausoleum where Marie Laveau is said to be interred, in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1

Due to her prominence within the history of Voodoo in New Orleans, Laveau has inspired a number of artistic renditions. In visual art, the African American artist Renee Stout often uses Laveau as a visual motif.[38]

Despite never being photographed or having sat for a painter, multiple 19th century paintings of unidentified Creole women have been labeled as a portrait of Marie Laveau.[39] By the 1940s, it was common for any portrait of an unidentified woman of color wearing a tignon to be identified as a portrait of Laveau.[40] A copy made around 1915 of Portrait of a Creole Woman with Madras Tignon (c. 1837, attributed to George Catlin) in the collection of the Louisiana State Museum was long labeled as a Portrait of Marie Laveau.[41]

Numerous songs about Marie Laveau have been recorded, including "Marie La Veau" by Papa Celestin;[42] "Marie Laveau" written by Shel Silverstein and Baxter Taylor and recorded by Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show (1972),[43] and Bobby Bare (1974);[44] "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" (1971) by Redbone; "Dixie Drug Store" by Grant Lee Buffalo; "X Marks the Spot (Marie Laveau)" by Joe Sample; "Marie Laveau" by Dr. John;[45] "Marie Laveau" (2013) by Tao Of Sound;[46] "Voodoo Queen Marie" to the minstrel tune "Colored Aristocracy" by The Holy Modal Rounders;[47] "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" by Total Toly; "The Widow Paris" by The Get Up Kids;[48] "Marie Laveau" by the Danish metal band Volbeat;[49] and "The Widow Paris" by Lester T. Raww's Graveside Quartet.[50]

Laveau is mentioned in the songs "I Will Play for Gumbo" (1999) by Jimmy Buffett, "Clare" by Fairground Attraction, and "Rabbits Foot" by Turbowolf. Two of Laveau's nephews, banjo player Raymond Glapion and bassist Alcide "Slow Drag" Pavageau, became prominent New Orleans jazz musicians.[51] The Los Angeles blues band Canned Heat featured a five-minute instrumental called "Marie Laveau" on their second album Boogie With Canned Heat (1968), written by and featuring their lead guitarist Henry Vestine.[52]

A musical from 1999, Marie Christine, is also based on the life of Laveau.[53]

Laveau has offered inspiration for a number of fictional characters as well. She is the protagonist of such novels as Robert Tallant's The Voodoo Queen (1956); Francine Prose's Marie Laveau (1977); and Jewell Parker Rhodes' Voodoo Dreams: A Novel of Marie Laveau (1993). Laveau appears as a supporting character in the Night Huntress novels by Jeaniene Frost as a powerful ghoul still living in New Orleans in the 21st century. She also appears as a background character in Barbara Hambly's Benjamin January mystery series, set in New Orleans. Marie Laveau appears in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods, under her married name, Marie Paris. Marie Laveau's tomb is the site of a secret, fictional underground Voodoo workshop in the Caster Chronicles novel Beautiful Chaos by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl. Laveau's gravesite is the setting of a pivotal scene in Robert J. Randisi's short story, "Cold As The Gun," from Foreshadows The Ghosts of Zero. The mother of Hazel Levesque, one of the characters from Rick Riordan's The Heroes of Olympus book series, was known as "Queen Marie," a famous fortune-teller who lived in New Orleans. In Charlaine Harris's True Blood (Sookie Stackhouse novels) book series, the character Hadley is lured to her death at the site of Marie Laveau's tomb.[54]

A character named Marie Laveau, based loosely on the real Marie Laveau appears in Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Dracula Lives #2 in 1973.[55] She is depicted as a powerful sorceress and Voodoo priestess with great magical powers and knowledge of arcane lore, including the creation of a potion made from vampire's blood that keeps her eternally youthful and beautiful.[56] A character named Marie Laveau also appears in the Italian comic book Zagor.[57]

In television, a heavily fictionalized Marie Laveau (portrayed by Angela Bassett) appears as a character in American Horror Story: Coven and American Horror Story: Apocalypse.[58]

She appears in the Canadian television series Lost Girl (portrayed by Marci T. House) in episode 11 of season 4, Young Sheldon (portrayed by Sharon Ferguson) in episode 7 of season 1, and Legends of Tomorrow (portrayed by Joyce Guy) in episode 7 of season 4.[57]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ At the time of Laveau's birth, New Orleans was under Spanish administration, but the territory had been formally restored to the French First Republic as part of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) and the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801).
  2. ^ While popular sources often give Laveau's year of birth as 1794, records indicate she was born in 1801.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Fandrich, Ina J. (2005). "The Birth of New Orleans' Voodoo Queen: A Long-Held Mystery Resolved". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 46 (3): 293–309. JSTOR 4234122.
  2. ^ a b c d Marie Laveau The Mysterious Voodoo Queen: A Study of Powerful Female Leadership in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans by Ina Johanna Fandrich
  3. ^ a b c "Marie Laveau: Separating fact from fiction about New Orleans' Voodoo queen". NOLA.com. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  4. ^ "Dictionary of Louisiana Biography - L - Louisiana Historical Association". www.lahistory.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c "Marie Laveau | History of American Women". History of American Women. July 1, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  6. ^ Vitelli, Dr. Romeo. "The Marie Laveau Phenomenon". archive.randi.org. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Tallant, Robert (1946). Voodoo in New Orleans (1984 reprint). New York: Macmillan Company - reprint Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88289-336-5.
  8. ^ a b Darbonne, August; O'Dwyer, Kathryn (eds.). "The Church: Marie Laveau at St. Louis Cathedral". New Orleans Historical. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  9. ^ MacCash, Doug (May 22, 2021). "Marie Laveau's husband disappeared 200 years ago, but an LSU student thinks she finally found him". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  10. ^ Vitelli, Dr. Romeo. "The Marie Laveau Phenomenon". archive.randi.org. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  11. ^ Ward, Martha. Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004).
  12. ^ a b Morrow., Long, Carolyn (2006). A New Orleans voudou priestess: the legend and reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0813029740. OCLC 70292161.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Carolyn Morrow Long: A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, 2018
  14. ^ Alvarado, Denise (2020). Embracing the Spiritual Legacy of the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Newport, MA: Weisner Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-57863-673-0. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  15. ^ Ward, Martha (2004). Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-629-2.[page needed]
  16. ^ “Death Punishment for Murder: The Execution Yesterday.” New Orleans Republican, 14 May 1871, p5. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35041328/mentions-of-marie-laveau/
  17. ^ Ward, Martha (2004). Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-629-2.[page needed]
  18. ^ "In the late 1800s, devastating yellow fever epidemics forced New Orleans to confront its sanitation problem | The Historic New Orleans Collection". www.hnoc.org. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  19. ^ Long, Carolyn Morrow (2006). A New Orleans voudou priestess : the legend and reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2974-0. OCLC 70292161.[page needed]
  20. ^ "Marie Laveau". www2.latech.edu. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  21. ^ a b c d Long, Carolyn Morrow (2005). "Marie Laveau: A Nineteenth-Century Voudou Priestess". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 46 (3): 262–292. JSTOR 4234121.
  22. ^ Long, Carolyn Morrow (2006). A New Orleans voudou priestess : the legend and reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2974-0. OCLC 70292161.[page needed]
  23. ^ Turner, Richard Brent (2002). "The Haiti-New Orleans Vodou Connection: Zora Neale Hurston as Initiate Observer". Journal of Haitian Studies. 8 (1): 119. ISSN 1090-3488. JSTOR 41715121. The New Orleans priestesses and priests, called queens and doctors, included Marie Saloppé, Sanité Dédé, Betsey Toledano, Marie Comtese, Marie Laveau, Marie Glapion, Doctor Jim and Doctor John Montane in the nineteenth century.
  24. ^ Lewis, Shantrelle P. "Marie Laveau". Britannica. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  25. ^ "Marie Laveau, Voodoo Practitioner born". African American Registry. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  26. ^ Long, Carolyn Morrow. A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2006), (ISBN 9780813029740).
  27. ^ "Staunton Spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, July 12, 1881, Image 4". July 12, 1881.
  28. ^ "Omaha Daily Bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, June 22, 1881, Image 6". June 22, 1881. p. 6.
  29. ^ "Chronicling America | Library of Congress".
  30. ^ Asbury, Herbert (1973). The French quarter : an informal history of the New Orleans underworld. New York : Ballantine Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-345-23591-6. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  31. ^ "Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau's tomb in New Orleans, LA (Google Maps)". Virtual Globetrotting. September 10, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  32. ^ a b Webster, Richard A. (December 30, 2013). "Repair of Marie Laveau's tomb to take months, potential suspect attempted to paint another tomb one month ago". The New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  33. ^ "When the Misfits got arrested in a New Orleans cemetery: a 1982 story from our crypt". Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  34. ^ Webster, Richard A. (January 2, 2014). "Marie Laveau's tomb suffering significant damage during the restoration process, nonprofit says". The New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved January 5, 2014. But when Angie Green, executive director of Save Our Cemeteries, a nonprofit group that works to preserve historic cemeteries throughout the city, saw someone blasting Laveau's tomb with a high-pressure water gun she said she immediately called the Archdiocese. "Pressure washing is terrible for any old building," Green said. "When I first saw them doing it they had two sides done and there were chips of brick and plaster from the tomb all over the ground. I asked them to stop and everyone (at the Archdiocese) said they would stop but they are still doing it." [Sarah McDonald, director of communications for the Archdiocese,] said Green's allegation that the pressure washing is inflicting significant damage is "inaccurate."
  35. ^ "Grave disquiet; Briefs." Irish Independent. (January 29, 2015, Thursday ): 64 words. LexisNexis Academic. Web. Date Accessed: 2015/02/12.
  36. ^ Webster, Richard A. (October 30, 2014). "Tomb of Marie Laveau, Voodoo queen of New Orleans, refurbished in time for Halloween". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  37. ^ a b Dessens, Nathalie (2008). "Reviewed Work: A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau by Carolyn Morrow Long". Caribbean Studies. 36 (1): 166–170. doi:10.1353/crb.0.0008. JSTOR 25613150.
  38. ^ North, Bill (January 2003). ...to build up a rich collection...:Selected Works From the Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art. Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art. p. 110. ISBN 1-890751-11-1.
  39. ^ MacCash, Doug (May 24, 2022). "Famous portrait of someone who is not Marie Laveau sells for almost $1 million". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  40. ^ Writer's Program of the Work Projects Administration (1945) [1941]. Louisiana: A Guide to the State (Third Printing). New York, New York: Hastings House. p. 163. ISBN 9781603540179. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023 – via Google Books. ... it is amusing to note that at least four different portraits, which do not in the least resemble each other, have been claimed as likenesses of Marie; and it has become something of a joke in New Orleans that the owner of any unidentified portrait of a woman of color with her head wrapped in a tignon will almost invariably put forth a similar claim.
  41. ^ "Marie Laveau". Catalog of American Portraits. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  42. ^ "Oscar "Papa" Celestin Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic.
  43. ^ "Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show | Songs". AllMusic.
  44. ^ "Bobby Bare Best Songs List: Top, New, & Old". AllMusic.
  45. ^ "Dr. John | Songs". AllMusic.
  46. ^ "Tao of Sound | Songs". AllMusic.
  47. ^ "The Holy Modal Rounders | Songs". AllMusic.
  48. ^ "The Get up Kids | Songs". AllMusic.
  49. ^ "Volbeat | Songs". AllMusic.
  50. ^ "Lester T. Raww's Graveside Quartet | Songs". AllMusic.
  51. ^ Rose, Al (1987). I Remember Jazz: Six Decades Among the Great Jazzmen. Baton Rouge and London: LSU Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8071-2571-7.
  52. ^ Rose, Stephen (May 23, 2012). "Canned Heat – On The Beat with Totally Guitars". Totallyguitars. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  53. ^ Isherwood, Charles (December 3, 1999). "Marie Christine". Variety. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  54. ^ "LAVEAU". American Ghost Stories. February 22, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  55. ^ Laveau, Marie – Marvel Universe Wiki: The definitive online source for Marvel superhero bios
  56. ^ "Marvel Universe Appendix - Marie Laveau".
  57. ^ a b "Who was Marie Laveau?". Marie Laveau's House of Voodoo. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  58. ^ "FX's John Landgraf on 'American Horror Story: Coven:' 'It's really funny this year'". August 3, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

Sources

Biographies

  • Alvarado, Denise. The Magic of Marie Laveau: Embracing the Spiritual Legacy of the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Weiser Books (2020), (ISBN 9781578636730).
  • Long, Carolyn Morrow. A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2006), (ISBN 9780813029740).
  • Tallant, Robert. Voodoo in New Orleans. The MacMillan Co. (1946), (ISBN 978-0882893365)
  • Ward, Martha. Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau. Oxford: University of Mississippi Press (2004) (ISBN 1578066298).
  • Long, Carolyn Morrow. The Tomb of Marie Laveau. Left Hand Press (2016) (ISBN 9780692766866)
  • Bloody Mary. Hauntings Horrors and Dancing with the Dead: True Stories from the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Weiser publishing (2016) (ISBN 1578635667),
  • Masarik, Elizabeth Garner (October 25, 2021). "Marie Laveau: The Voodoo Queen and the Laveau Legend". DIG. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  • "Marie Laveau, Voodoo Practitioner born". African American Registry. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  • "Marie Laveau | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. February 23, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Laveau