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Lyari River

Lyari
Map
Location
CountryPakistan
StateSindh
CityKarachi
Physical characteristics
SourceRain catchment area
 • locationSindh
Mouth 
 • location
Karachi
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length50 km (31 mi)approx.
Discharge 
 • locationArabian Seaapprox.

Lyari River (Urdu: دریائے لیاری) is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Manora channel.[1] It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other being Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river, it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area.[2]

History

After the arrival of the British in 1839 and the development of Karachi, the river was the natural border of the initial settlement. The river was described as maintaining a waterflow merely on approximately five days annually, remaining desiccated for the remaining 360 days, resembling nothing more than a sandy expanse.[3]

Until the 1970s, the river held clean water and fish, with farming activities on its banks.[4] However, after the independence of Pakistan from British colonialism in 1947, when Karachi was announced as the capital city of the new country, a large influx of refugees from various Indian states as well as from other provinces of Pakistan settled in the city. With rapid growth of the city's economy, industry, and population, the river's ecology was transformed and it gradually became a waterway where discharged waste water, sewage and industrial effluents ended up.

Redevelopments along the river

With many squatter settlements groomed in the river's surroundings, the occasional floods started causing human and property loss. Especially, after the havoc caused by the torrential rains in 1977, need was realised to build flood barriers along the river. In 1986, a proposal was made to build an expressway through the city that would run along the riverbanks of Lyari. The plan was abandoned because an estimated 100,000 people would have to be relocated.[5] However, the flooding and associated losses continued in the 1990s.

Lyari Expressway

Main article: Lyari Expressway
Lyari Expressway - Route Map

The project comprises a 16.5 kilometre (10¼ mile) stretch of elevated expressway running along both sides of the river, cutting through the city to Karachi Port, as an extension/alternative to the Northern Bypass. The work commenced in 2002 without any public consensus, as a result of which large numbers of houses and schools were demolished on account of being informal settlements. The measures were strongly opposed by the affected population, community groups, civil society organizations and NGOs on the grounds that at least 200,000 families would have to be displaced from the development sites in addition to the economic and environmental costs.[6] A number of cost effective alternatives were also proposed by local activists and organizations.[7] However, the project continued with the additions of Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project as a relocation plan to move the affected families to the purpose-built areas in Hawk's Bay and Taiser Town, in the city's suburbs.

Other developments and extensions

Apart from the eviction and resettlement of Lyari Expressway, redevelopment plans have also been carried out under the Lyari River Development Scheme[8] in other towns along the river such as Gulberg, North Nazimabad, Saddar, Jamshed, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Liaquatabad.[9]

Pollution

The river is the main contributor to an estimated amount of 200 million Imperial gallons (909.218 million litres)[10] of raw sewage that enters the Arabian Sea.[11] The only non-saline input is the local run-off from rainfall. A large number of industries including leather tanning units, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, refineries, chemical, textile, paper and pulp, engineering works and thermal power stations, located along the river, regularly discharge their untreated industrial waste.[12] With the growing amount of organic nutrients in the river water, the marine ecology along the coastal shelf has been alarmingly affected. The spillage due to tidal action also continues to affect the mangroves along the Karachi Port.[13] The pollutants along with other environmental perturbations have also proved to be harmful to the biodiversity of marine species along Karachi Fish Harbour[14] including green turtle, seabirds and marine mammals.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rivers of Sindh
  2. ^ S Nazneen and F Begum (1988) Hydrological studies of Lyari River. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 26-29.
  3. ^ Brunton, J. Forrest (1913). "Karachi". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 61 (3148): 477–499. ISSN 0035-9114. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  4. ^ R Asif (2002), Lyari Expressway: woes of displaced families. Dawn (newspaper). 8 August. Retrieved on 10 January, 2008
  5. ^ Z Mustafa (2006), "Lyari Expressway: Boon or Bane", Dawn (newspaper). 8 March 2006. Retrieved on 10 January, 2008
  6. ^ A Hasan (2005), The political and institutional blockages to good governance: The case of the Lyari expressway in Karachi, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.127-141
  7. ^ A Hasan (2002), Lyari Expressway: Concerns and Proposals of the Urban Resource Centre Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi.
  8. ^ D E Dowall (1991), The Karachi Development Authority: Failing to Get the Prices Right. Land Economics, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 462-471
  9. ^ Lyari Expressway in Pakistan: Violence and Evictions. Urban Resource Centre.
  10. ^ N Burt (1997), Environmental Assessment and Protection of Karachi Harbour
  11. ^ B U Haq, G Kullenberg, and J H Stel (eds.) (1997), Coastal Zone Management Imperative for Maritime Developing Nations (Coastal Systems and Continental Margins). Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-4765-1
  12. ^ J E Hardoy, D Mitlin, D Satterthwaite (1993), The Environmental Problems of Third World Cities. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-85383-146-1
  13. ^ M Beg, N Mahmood, S Naeem, and A Yousufzai (1984) Land-based pollution and the marine environment of Karachi coast. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.199-205.
  14. ^ S Saifullah and M Moazzam (1978) Species Composition and Seasonal Occurrence of Centric Diatoms in a Polluted Marine Environment. Pakistan Journal of Botany Vol 10, No 1, p 53-64, June.
  15. ^ A Hasan and S I Ahmad (2006), Some Observations on Birds and Marine Mammals of Karachi Coast. Zoological Survey of Pakistan, 17. pp. 15-20

24°52′N 66°58′E / 24.867°N 66.967°E / 24.867; 66.967

Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyari_River