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Lunaria annua

Lunaria annua
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Lunaria
Species:
L. annua
Binomial name
Lunaria annua
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Crucifera lunaria E.H.L.Krause
    • Lunaria annua f. elliptica (Schur) Beck
    • Lunaria annua var. oppositifolia Cheshm.
    • Lunaria annua f. orbiculata (Schur) Beck
    • Lunaria biennis Moench
    • Lunaria biennis var. elliptica Schur
    • Lunaria biennis var. orbiculata Schur
    • Lunaria inodora Lam.
    • Viola lunaria Garsault

Lunaria annua, commonly called honesty or annual honesty, is a species of flowering plant in the cabbage and mustard family Brassicaceae. It is native to southern Europe, and cultivated throughout the temperate world.

Ripe pods (siliques), some with seeds visible, some with only the central membrane remaining

Description

It is an annual or biennial growing to 90 cm (35 in) tall by 30 cm (12 in) broad, with large, coarse, pointed oval leaves with marked serrations. The leaves are hairy, the lower ones long-stalked, the upper ones stalkless.[2] In spring and summer it bears terminal racemes of white, pink or violet flowers, followed by showy, green through light brown, translucent, disc-shaped[2] siliques (not true botanical seedpods), sometimes called moonpennies.[3] When a silique is ripe and dry, a valve on each of its sides readily falls off, and its seeds fall off a central membrane which has a silvery sheen, 3–8 cm (1–3 in) in diameter; the membrane can persist on a plant throughout a winter depending on the weather.[4] These siliques are much used in dry floral arrangements.

Distribution

Lunaria annua is native to southern Europe from Spain to Romania, and has been introduced to many other parts of the world with temperate climates.[1]

Names

The Latin name lunaria means 'moon-shaped' and refers to the shape and appearance of this species' siliques.[5] The common name "honesty" arose in the 16th century,[6] and relates to the translucence of its silique membranes, which "truthfully" reveal their contents. Additional English names include money plant, moneywort, penny flower, silver dollar, and money-in-both-pockets,[7] Chinese money, or Chinese coins. These too reference the silique membranes, which have the appearance of silvery coins. In French it is known as monnaie du pape ("Pope's money"). In Denmark it is known as judaspenge and in Dutch-speaking countries as judaspenning (both meaning "coins of Judas"), an allusion to the story of Judas Iscariot and the thirty pieces of silver he was paid for betraying Christ.[8]

Symbolism

In the language of flowers, the plant represents honesty, money, and sincerity. In witchcraft, the honesty plant is considered protective, being thought to keep away monsters. The plant is also used in spells for prosperity, the flat pods (when ripe and silvery) resembling coins and therefore being seen as symbolising promises of wealth. In the earliest surviving recipe for a flying ointment (recorded by Bavarian physician Johannes Hartlieb circa 1440), Lunaria is included as the herbal ingredient corresponding astrologically to the moon and therefore to be picked on the lunar day of Monday.[9]

Cultivation

This plant is easy to grow from seed and tends to naturalize. It is usually grown as a biennial, being sown one year to flower the next. It is suitable for cultivation in a shady or dappled area, or in a wildflower garden, and the flowers and dried siliques are often seen in flower arrangements.[5] Numerous varieties and cultivars are available, of which the white-flowered L. annua var. albiflora[10] and the variegated white L. annua var. albiflora 'Alba Variegata'[11] have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12]

  • Unripe seedpod in July
    Unripe seedpod in July
  • Detail of flower
    Detail of flower
  • White-flowered form
    White-flowered form
  • Storage roots at the end of first growth period
    Storage roots at the end of first growth period

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Lunaria annua L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012 Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press ISBN 978-185918-4783
  3. ^ "Honesty (Lunaria annua) plants for cottage garden". Plant Wild. 22 April 2023.
  4. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  5. ^ a b Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of plant names. USA: Timber Press. pp. 312. ISBN 9781604691962.
  6. ^ "Oxford University Plants 400: Lunaria annua". herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  7. ^ Todd, Jamie. "Plant 235 - Lunaria annua L. (Brassicaceae) - Honesty". Plants 400. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford. Retrieved 5 March 2022. There are plenty of common names, many referring to money such as money plant, moneywort, penny flower, silver dollar and money-in-both-pockets.
  8. ^ "Judaspenning", Van Dale's Groot woordenboek van de Nederlandse taal, online edition, retrieved 23 May 2020
  9. ^ Hartlieb, Johannes, das puch aller verpoten kunst, ungelaubens und der zaubrey, 1450s, CPG 478, 78 foll. (in the hand of Clara Hätzlerin), 1465, ed. Eisermann and Graf (1989).
  10. ^ "Lunaria annua var. albiflora, white-flowered honesty". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Lunaria annua var. albiflora 'Alba Variegata&' (v), honesty 'Alba Variegata'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  12. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 62. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Money Plant (Lunaria annua)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaria_annua