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Lohana

Not to be confused with Lohani (disambiguation).

Lohana
Regions with significant populations
India, Pakistan, South Africa, Europe
Languages
Primarily Gujarati, Kutchi, Sindhi
Religion
mainly Hinduism and Islam
Related ethnic groups
Gujarati people • Sindhi people • Khoja • Memon • Dawoodi Bohras • Sulaymani Bohras • Alavi Bohras

Lohana (also referred to as Loharana, Thakkar, and Barai) are a trading or mercantile jāti mostly in India and also in Pakistan.[1][2]

The Lohanas are divided into many separate cultural groups as a result of centuries apart in different regions. Thus there are significant differences between the culture, language, professions and societies of Gujarati Lohanas and Kutchi Lohanas from Gujarat, India and Sindhi Lohanas from Sindh, Pakistan (the latter having largely migrated to India as well).

Origin

They claim Kshatriya origin based on their belief that they are from the lineage of Ram. They claim that they are the descendants of Lava of the Ramayana. This claim was more common in the Lohanas of Sindh as per Schaflechner. A "mytho-historic" legend prevalent in the community is that the Hindu God Varuna built an iron fort for some Rathore Rajputs to protect them. Lohanas claim that the fort "disappeared" after 21 days and the Rathores were then called "Lohana", a word the community interprets as "those of iron".[3][4]

According to André Wink, at least in the Muslim sources, Lohanas appear to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats of Chacha's Sind.[5] According to David Cheesman, the Lohana who immigrated from Punjab to Sindh in the distant past, may have been descended from the people also known as Lohana who fled from Sindh after the Arab conquest of 711.[6] Matthew A. Cook argues that many Punjabis migrated to Sindh during the eighteenth century and got assimilated into the Lohana community.[7]

U.T Thakur writes that there are many similarities between Aroras, Khatris, Bhanushalis and Lohanas, all of whom recruited Saraswat Brahmins as priests. Lari says the Bhatias, Khatris and Lohanas even intermarried.[8] Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that "low ranking"[a] Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan formed a symbiotic relationship with castes such as Khatris, Lohanas, etc. who were trying to raise their varna status – which in turn would benefit the Saraswat Brahmins as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.[9]

However, as per Pierre Lachaier, their name derives from the city of Lohargadh in Lahore district of Punjab (now in Pakistan).[10] Before their traditional occupation of traders, both the Lohanas and Bhatias were involved in the profession of agriculture. Goswami states that their ritual position was "ambiguous", and, "they were considered neither a high nor a low caste".[11]

Sub-divisions

Sindhi Lohana

Vast majority of Sindhi Hindus are Lohanas.[12] Sindhi Lohanas have since been divided into several groups, among which are a traditionally more educated "upper section" called "Amils", who served as scribes to the Muslim rulers and a less educated "lower section" called "Bhaibands", who were traders:[13][14]

Sindhi Lohana Amil's.
  • Amils : The "upper section" of educated Lohanas who served the Muslim dynasties as scribes in Sindh. In the 18th–19th century, they began working for the British. They currently are generally involved in clerical jobs in government offices, as working in posts of revenue collectors and other senior positions. They originally composed 10–15% of the Lohana community continued to draw members from those castes.[15][14]
  • Bhaibands : The less educated of "lower section", mainly involved in trade and commerce and so mostly merchants. Most were shopkeepers and money-lenders. The community was involved in international and trade in interior of Sindh even before the arrival of the British. They also played an important part in the development of the city of Karachi.[14]
  • Sahitis: placed somewhere between Amils and Bhaibands, they could be either in government service or traders.

For hundreds of years, the Sindhi Lohanas absorbed other communities from the western Indian subcontinent.[15] The Lohanas of Sindh became an important trading community in Sindh during the Kalhora rule.[16]

History

Ala al-Din Khilji (1296–1316) mounted a number of campaigns in the region battling the Sumra princes whose cycle of capitulation/rebellion could be charted exactly to the perceived military stress on the metropole. Yet, the Delhi Sultans and their governor rarely resorted to invading Sumra held territories – relying, instead, on alliances with tribal elite and local power struggles. Against the Sumras, Khiljl advanced the cause of the Lohana tribe of Samma. The conflict guaranteed a rolling supply of princes and tribal chiefs wanting alliances with the center. The tussle for dominance between the Sumras and the Samma lasted until the reign of Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388), when the Jam emirs of Samma were finally able to end Sumra dominance, taking over lower Sindh.[17]

Lohana women in western India (c. 1855–1862).
Lohana men in western India (c. 1855–1862).

Formation of Khoja and Memon Islamic communities

The community's oral history says that the decline of their kingdom began after the death of Veer Dada Jashraj. It also says that their name derives from the city of Lohargadh (/Lohanpur/Lohkot) in Lahore, from which they migrated in the 13th century after the establishment of Muslim rule there.[10]

Pir Sadardin converted some Lohanas to the Shia Ismaili Nizari sect of Islam in the 15th century. As Lohanas were worshippers of Shakti, the emergence of a devotional Ismaili oral tradition that incorporated indigenous conceptions of religion, known as ginans, played a role in the forming of a new ethnic caste-like grouping. This group came to be known as Khojas (from Khawaja), a title given by Sadardin, that would predominantly merge into what is now understood as the Nizari Ismaili branch of Shia Islam.[18]

In 1422, Jam Rai Dan was tribal leader in Sindh during the Samma Dynasty; he was converted to Islam by Sayad Eusuf-ud-Din and he adopted a new name Makrab Khan. At that time a person named Mankeji was head of 84 nukhs of Lohanas, who were in favour in court of that Samma king. He was persuaded by ruler and the Qadri to convert to Islam. However, not all Lohanas were ready to convert from Hinduism. But 700 Lohana families comprising some 6,178 persons converted in Thatta, Sindh. These are now known as Memons (from Mumins).[19]

Post-partition

After the partition of India in 1947, Lohanas from Kutch and Sindh migrated in large numbers to Gujarat, mostly to Kutch, Ahmedabad and Vadodara. Many also settled in Maharashtra in Mumbai, Mulund, Pune, and Nagpur.[20]

Overseas diaspora

Thousands of Hindu Gujaratis left India between 1880–1920 and migrated to British colonies in the African Great Lakes region of Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika. A significant number of these came from the Patidar and Gujarati Lohana communities.[21] At that time, however, there was already a bustling merchant class diaspora of Gujarati Muslims in these countries.[22]

The Lohana migrants to East Africa, of which there were 40,000 in 1970,[23] came mainly from the Saurashtran cities of Jamnagar and Rajkot.[24] Many Lohanas set up businesses in those countries, two of the most successful being those set up by Nanji Kalidas Mehta and Muljibhai Madhvani.[25][26]

In the later part of 20th century, following the independence of British colonies, and particularly after Idi Amin's expulsion order for South Asians in 1972, most Lohanas moved to the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent to United States and Canada.[27] In the UK, the highest concentration of Lohanas and other Gujarati Hindu communities is around the West London suburbs of Wembley and Harrow, and the city of Leicester in the East Midlands region of England.[28][29]

Society and culture

Lohanas largely follow Hindu rituals and worship Hindu deities such as Krishna. They worship avatars of Vishnu such as Rama with his consort Sita and Krishna in the form of Shrinathji. They worship Shakti in the form of Ravirandal Mataji, and Ambika. The 19th century saints Jalaram Bapa, and Yogiji Maharaj, also attract many Lohana devotees. Their main clan deities are Veer Dada Jashraj, Harkor Ba, Sindhvi Shree Sikotar Mata and Dariyalal. The Sun is also worshipped by the community.[10] Some Lohana branches worship Hinglaj as a clan goddess.[8]

Sindhi Lohanas eat meat and drink alcohol.[30]

Surnames

Sub-Caste Surnames[31][32][33]
Gujarati and Kutchi Lohana Akhani Adwani Aahiya, Adhia, Ajwani, Ambiya, Amlani,Motwani,Mirchandani, Adatia, Anadkat, Barai, Bhatadi, Bhayani, Bhimani, Bhimjiyani, Bhojani,Chugani, Chadupotra, Chandan, Chandarana, Chug, Dattani, Davda, Devani, Dhanak, Dhakar, Gadhiya, Gajan, Gajjar, Gakhar, Gandhi, Gatha,Gokani, Hindocha, Jobanputra, Kataria,Kakkad, Kanabar, Kanani, Katira, Khakkar,Khandhadiya,Khilochia, Kotak, Kotecha, Ladhak, Lodhiya,Manghirmalani Madan, Madlani, Madhvani, Majithia,Mamtora, Manek, Mapara,Kariya, Thakkar, Ganatra, Mahtani Mashru, Nathwani, Pandhi, Popat, Pujara, Raimagia, Raja, Rajvir, Rariya, Ruparel, Raychura, Sachdev, Shakrani, Sejpal,Sunchak, Tanna, Pabari, Thakaral, Unadkat, Vasani, Vasant, Vithlani.
Sindhi Amil Lohana Advani, Ahuja, Ajwani, barai,Bathija, Bhavnani, Bijlani, Chhablani, Chugan, Dadlani, Daryani, Dudani, Gidwani, Hingorani, Idnani, Issrani, Jagtiani, Jhangiani, Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Khubchandani, Kriplani, Lalwani, Mahtani, Makhija, Malkani, Manghirmalani. Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani, Mukhija, Panjwani, Punwani, Ramchandani, Rijhsanghani, Sadarangani, Shahani, Sipahimalani, Sippy, Sitlani, Takthani, Thadani, Vaswani, Wadhwani and Uttamsinghani
Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana Aishani, Agahni, Anandani, Aneja, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, Bajaj, Bhagwani, Bhaglani, Bhagnani, Balani, Baharwani, Biyani, Bodhani, Chhabria, Channa, Chothani, Dalwani, Damani, Dhingria, Dolani, Dudeja, Ganda ,Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gyanani, Gulrajani, Hotwani, Harwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, Juneja, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khairajani, Khanchandani, Lakhani, Lanjwani, Longan, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, Lulia, Lokwani, Mamtani, Mirani, Mirwani, Mohinani, Mulchandani, Nihalani, Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, Qaimkhani, Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani, Soneji, Sethia, Sewani, Tewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, Wassan, Vangani, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani

See also

References

  1. ^ Tapan Raychaudhuri; Dharma Kumar; Irfan Habib; Meghnad Desai (1983). The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970. CUP Archive. pp. 340–. ISBN 978-0-521-22802-2.
  2. ^ Yasir Suleiman (21 April 2010). Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-7486-4219-9.
  3. ^ Mark Anthony Falzon (1 September 2004). Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000. BRILL. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-90-474-0603-7. With the exception of Bhatias and Brahmins, the various Hindu Sindhi jatis are all grouped under the Lohana caste which subsumes a vast conglomerate of Vaishya jatis. Lohanas are usually distinguished as being either Sindhi or Kutchi. These two share a common kinship metaphor and myth of (Kshatriya) origin.
  4. ^ Mrinal Pande (24 June 2022). Popular Hinduism, Stories and Mobile Performances: The Voice of Morari Bapu in Multiple Media. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-060464-1. Lohana— The Lohana are an Indian caste, traditionally merchants. Although considered to be Vaishya in the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna, they favour a mythical origin as members of the Kshatriya varna.
  5. ^ Wink, A. (2002). Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-391-04125-7. Retrieved 2022-08-02. The Lohana, Lakha, Samma, Sahtah, Chand (Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats.
  6. ^ Cheesman, David (2013). Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind. Routledge. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9781136794490. The majority of Hindus in Sind were not Rajputs. They were Lohanos who had emigrated from the Punjab in the distant past. They may have been descended from the people also known as Lohanos who fled from Sind after the Arab conquest of 711.
  7. ^ Kothari, Rita; Thadhani, Jasbirkaur (October 2016). "Sindhi Sikhs in India: The Missing People". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 39 (4). Taylor & Francis: 873–890. doi:10.1080/00856401.2016.1233716. ISSN 0085-6401. Mathew Cook, for example, argues that many Punjabis migrated to Sindh during the eighteenth century and were eventually absorbed into the Lohana community, an all-encompassing community that includes the vast majority of the Hindus of Sindh.
  8. ^ a b Schaflechner 2018, pp. 71–75.
  9. ^ Schaflechner 2018, pp. 59–60.
  10. ^ a b c Lachaier, Pierre (1999-01-01). Firmes et entreprises en Inde: la firme lignagère dans ses réseaux (in French). pp. 70–73. ISBN 9782865379279.
  11. ^ Chhaya Goswami (18 February 2016). Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789385890703.
  12. ^ Ramey, S. (2008-10-27). Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-61622-6.
  13. ^ Falzon, Mark-Anthony (2004). Cosmopolitan connections: the Sindhi diaspora, 1860–2000. pp. 34, 35. ISBN 978-9004140080.
  14. ^ a b c Cátia Antunes; Karwan Fatah-Black, eds. (14 April 2016). Explorations in History and Globalization. Routledge. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-1-317-24384-7.
  15. ^ a b Schaflechner 2018, p. 73.
  16. ^ Schaflechner 2018, p. 73, Hinglaj in Perspective: "Lachaier claims that in the nineteenth century, the Lohanas were the most important trading community in the areas of Sindh, Kutch, and Saurashtra. One reason for this was the established rule of the Kalhoras in Sindh in the eighteenth century, which brought new business opportunities for merchant professions."
  17. ^ Ahmed, Manan (2008). The many histories of Muhammad b. Qasim: Narrating the Muslim conquest of Sindh – page – 99. The University of Chicago.
  18. ^ Asani, Ali S. (2001-07-01). "The Khojahs of South Asia: Defining a Space of their Own". Cultural Dynamics. 13 (2): 155–168. doi:10.1177/092137400101300202. ISSN 0921-3740. S2CID 143013406.
  19. ^ Engineer, Asgharali (1989). The Muslim communities of Gujarat: an exploratory study of Bohras, Khojas, and Memons. Ajanta Publications. pp. 42–44. ISBN 9788120202306.
  20. ^ Lachaier 1999, p. 65.
  21. ^ Herbert, J. (2004). Contested terrains: negotiating ethnic boundaries in the city of Leicester since 1950 (Doctoral dissertation, History). p. 25. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
  22. ^ Oonk, G.. (2004). "The Changing Culture of Hindu Lohanas in East Africa" (PDF). Contemporary Asians Studies. 13: 83–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
  23. ^ Gregory, Robert G. (1992). The rise and fall of philanthropy in East Africa : the Asian contribution. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-56000-007-5.
  24. ^ Kalka, I. (1986). A case study of urban ethnicity: Harrow Gujaratis (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom) (PDF). p. 74.
  25. ^ Gregory, Robert (1992). The Rise and Fall of Philanthropy in East Africa: The Asian's Contribution. p. 53. ISBN 9781412833356.
  26. ^ Bennett, Charles Joseph (1976). Persistence Amid Adversity:The Growth and Spatial Distribution of the Asian Population of Kenya, 1902–1963. Syracuse University. p. 182. Probably the success of the most prominent Lohana families in Uganda, Nanji Kalidas Mehta and Sons, M. P. Madhvani and D. K. Hindocha had much influence on Lohana migration from Porbandar and Jamnagar
  27. ^ Burghart, Richard (1987). Hinduism in Great Britain: the perpetuation of religion in an alien cultural. ISBN 9780422609104.
  28. ^ Thompson, Linda (2000). Young bilingual children in nursery schools. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1853594540.
  29. ^ Firth, Shirley (1997). Dying, death and bereavement in a British Hindu community. Leuven: Peeters. p. 21. ISBN 978-90-6831-976-7.
  30. ^ Boivin, Michel (2024). Devotion, Religious Authority, and Social Structures in Sindh: Khojas, Vanyos, and Faqirs. Brill. p. 138.
  31. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (2016-11-17). The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-252747-9.
  32. ^ Sharma, Monika (2014-12-03). Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-4036-0.
  33. ^ U.T Thakur (1959). Sindhi Culture.
  1. ^ These Saraswat Brahmins from Balochistan were considered low caste and called 'Sindhur'.

Bibliography

Media related to Lohana at Wikimedia Commons

Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohana