List of myriapods of Sri Lanka
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Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The invertebrate fauna is as large as it is common to other regions of the world. There are about 2 million species of arthropods found in the world, and still it is counting. So many new species are discover up to this time also. So it is very complicated and difficult to summarize the exact number of species found within a certain region.
The following list is about Centipedes and Millipedes found in Sri Lanka.
Centipede
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Chilopoda
Centipedes are arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda of the subphylum Myriapoda. They are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment, where legs ranging from 30 to 354. They always have an odd number of pairs of legs.[1][2][3] A pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage, which indicated that they are predominantly carnivorous.[4]: 168
About 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist,[5] of which 3,000 have been described.
The following list provide the centipedes currently identified in Sri Lanka. The first known study on centipedes are came from Newport on 1845. Then many more overseas biologists and naturalists did many studies on centipedes. However, much recent work and the first work by a local biologist was done by Duminda Dissanayake of Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. According to his checklist, there are 19 species from 4 orders and 6 families are known from Sri Lanka.[6]
Endemic species are denoted as E.
Order: Geophilomorpha - Soil centipedes
Family: Mecistocephalidae
Family: Oryidae
Order: Lithobiomorpha - Stone centipedes
Family: Lithobiidae
Order: Scolopendromorpha - Bark centipedes
Family: Scolopendridae
Order: Scutigeromorpha - Common house centipedes
Family: Scutigeridae
Family: Scutigerinidae
Millipede
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Millipedes are arthropods in the class Diplopoda, which is characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments. Most millipedes have very elongated cylindrical or flattened bodies with more than 20 segments, while pill millipedes are shorter and can roll into a ball. The average number of legs are about 500 or so, but rarely about 750. Approximately 12,000 species classified into sixteen orders and around 140 families, making Diplopoda the largest class of myriapods.
In 1865, Humbert is the first person to study Sri Lankan millipede fauna, with 26 species, including 19 new species. In 1892, Pocock discovered 10 more new species of millipedes from many localities. With many gradual taxonomic revisions by Carl, Demange, Hoffman and endemic millipede fauna by Mauriès, a total of 104 millipede species belonging to 44 genera, 18 families and nine orders have been documented. 82 species are endemic to Sri Lanka.[7]
Order: Chordeumatida
Family: Lankasomatidae
- Cingalosoma anderssoni - E
- Lankasoma anderssoni - E
- Lankasoma brincki - E
- Lankasoma cederholmi - E
- Lankasoma oreites - E
- Lankasoma mahleri - E
Order: Glomeridesmida
Family: Glomeridesmidae
Order: Polydesmida - Flat-backed millipedes
Family: Chelodesmidae
Family: Cryptodesmidae
Family: Fuhrmannodesmidae
Family: Paradoxosomatidae
- Anoplodesmus anthracinus
- Anoplodesmus humberti - E
- Anoplodesmus layardi - E
- Anoplodesmus luctuosus
- Anoplodesmus inornatus - E
- Anoplodesmus sabulosus - E
- Anoplodesmus saussurii
- Anoplodesmus stadelmanni - E
- Chondromorpha xanthotricha
- Desmoxytes planata
- Orthomorpha mikrotropis - E
- Paranedyopus simplex - E
- Polydesmopeltis kelaarti
- Pyragrogonus willeyi - E
- Singhalorthomorpha cingalensis - E
- Singhalorthomorpha serrulata - E
- Strongylosoma greeni - E
- Strongylosoma nietneri - E
Family: Polydesmidae
Family: Pyrgodesmidae
Order: Polyxenida - Bristle millipedes
Family: Polyxenidae
Order: Sphaerotheriida - Giant pill millipedes
Family: Arthrosphaeridae
Family: Zephroniidae
Order: Siphonophorida
Family: Siphonophoridae
Order: Spirobolida - Round-backed millipedes
Family: Pachybolidae
Family: Pseudospirobolellidae
Family: Spirobolidae
- Spirobolus crebristriatus - E
- Spirobolus greeni - E
- Spirobolus longicollis - E
- Spirobolus longicornis - E
- Spirobolus obtusospinosus - E
- Spirobolus spirostreptinus - E
- Spirobolus taprobanensis - E
Family: Trigoniulidae
Order: Spirostreptida
Family: Cambalopsidae
- Trachyjulus aelleni - E
- Trachyjulus costatus - E
- Trachyjulus humberti - E
- Trachyjulus lankanus - E
- Trachyjulus minor - E
- Trachyjulus willeyi - E
- Trachyjulus willeyi montanus - E
Family: Glyphiulidae
Family: Harpagophoridae
- Carlogonus robustior - E
- Harpurostreptus attemsi - E
- Harpurostreptus hamifer - E
- Harpurostreptus krausi
- Harpurostreptus matarae - E
- Humbertostreptus lunelii - E
- Ktenostreptus anderssoni - E
- Ktenostreptus annulipes - E
- Ktenostreptus centrurus - E
- Ktenostreptus costulatus - E
- Ktenostreptus lankaensis - E
- Ktenostreptus rugulosus - E
- Ktenostreptus specularis - E
- Leptostreptus caudiculatus
- Leptostreptus exiguus - E
- Leptostreptus fuscus - E
- Phyllogonostreptus nigrolabiatus
- Stenurostreptus stenorhynchus - E
- Thyropygus allevatus
- Thyropygus poseidon - E
Family: Spirostreptidae
Order: Julida
Family: Julidae
- Julus ceilanicus - E
Order: Stemmiulida
Family: Stemmiulidae
References
- ^ Lloyd, John (2006). The Book of General Ignorance. London: Bloomsbury House. p. 119. ISBN 0-571-27378-5. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
- ^ Arthur, W. (2002). "The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis". Heredity. 89 (4): 239–246. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139. PMID 12242638.
- ^ Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). "The centipede Strigamia maritima: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation". BioEssays. 27 (6): 653–660. doi:10.1002/bies.20234. PMID 15892117.
- ^ Lewis, J. G. E. (2007). The Biology of Centipedes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03411-1.
- ^ Adis, Joachim; Harvey, Mark S. (2000). "How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia?". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 35 (2): 139–141. doi:10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139. S2CID 82856115.
- ^ Dissanayake, Duminda. "Records of Centipede fauna in Sri Lanka" (PDF). repository.rjt.ac.lk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
- ^ De Zoysa, H. K. S.; Nguyen, Anh D.; Wickramasinghe, S. (2016). "Annotated checklist of millipedes (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) of Sri Lanka". Zootaxa. 4061 (5): 451–482. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4061.5.1. PMID 27395514.