Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

List of alternative names for European rivers

All or almost all rivers in Europe have alternative names in different languages. Some rivers have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article provides known alternative names for all major European rivers. It also includes alternative names of some lesser rivers that are important because of their location or history.

This article does not offer any opinion about what the "original", "official", "real", or "correct" name of any river is or was. Rivers are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. The English version is followed by variants in other languages, in alphabetical order by name, and then by any historical variants and former names.

Foreign names that are the same as their English equivalents may be listed, to provide an answer to the question "What is that name in...?".


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A

Aare at Bern
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Aa France51°00′21″N 2°06′16″E / 51.005833°N 2.104444°E / 51.005833; 2.104444 (Aa) Aa (Dutch, French, West Flemish), Abbe (Picard), Agnio (Latin)
Aare Switzerland47°36′21″N 8°13′24″E / 47.6057°N 8.2234°E / 47.6057; 8.2234 (Aare) Aar (French, Italian), Aara (Romansh, Czech), Aare (Alemannish, German), Abrinca, Arola or Arula (Latin)
Achelous Greece38°19′53″N 21°06′05″E / 38.331389°N 21.101389°E / 38.331389; 21.101389 (Achelous) Achelôios - Ἀχελῷος (ancient Greek), Achelóos - Αχελώος (modern Greek), Acheloos (German, alternative English), Acheloös (Dutch), Achéloos or Achéloüs (French), Achelous (Latin), Aheloos (Romanian), Aqueloo (Spanish form in mythology), Aspropotamo (Italian), Aspropotamos - Ασπροπόταμος (medieval Greek), Aspropótamos (Spanish), Axenus, Thestiu, and Thoas (possible earlier ancient Greek names)
Acheron Greece39°14′10″N 20°28′34″E / 39.236111°N 20.476111°E / 39.236111; 20.476111 (Acheron) Acheron (Latin, German, Turkish), Acherōn - Ἀχέρων or Acherousios - Ἀχερούσιος (Ancient Greek), Achéron (French), Acherontas - Αχέροντας (modern Greek), Acheronte (Italian), Aheron (Romanian), Aheront (Croatian), Aqueront (Catalan), Aqueronte or Aquerón (Spanish), Gliqi or Frar (Albanian)
Adda Italy45°08′04″N 9°52′54″E / 45.134444°N 9.881667°E / 45.134444; 9.881667 (Adda) Abdua and Abadua (Latin variants), Ada (Lombard, Venetian), Adda (Italian), Addua (Latin)
Adige Italy45°08′59″N 12°19′13″E / 45.149722°N 12.320278°E / 45.149722; 12.320278 (Adige) Ades (Dolomitic Ladin), Àdexe (Venetian), Adige (Italian, French), Adigio (Spanish), Adis (Lombard), Adiža (Slovene), Adiže (Czech), Adyga (Polish), Athesis (Latin), Athyses - Αθυσης (Ancient Greek), Égg’ (Emiliano-Romagnolo), Etsch (German)
Adour France43°31′46″N 1°31′25″E / 43.529444°N 1.523611°E / 43.529444; 1.523611 (Adour) Ador (Occitan), Adour (French, German, Italian), Adur (Spanish), Aturri (Basque)
Ain France45°47′45″N 5°10′10″E / 45.795833°N 5.169444°E / 45.795833; 5.169444 (Ain) Addua, Danus, Idanus, Indus or Igneus (Neo-Latin), Ain (French), Hinnis (Old French)
Aire England53°43′38″N 0°54′24″W / 53.7272°N 0.9067°W / 53.7272; -0.9067 (Aire) Arus (Neo-Latin; 17th-century), Eyr and Eir (Middle English; 12th century), ðarcy and Yr (Anglo-Saxon; 10th century)
Aisne France49°26′01″N 2°50′49″E / 49.433611°N 2.846944°E / 49.433611; 2.846944 (Aisne) Ainne (Picard), Aisne (French), Axona (Latin)
Akhurian Turkey Armenia40°07′53″N 43°38′54″E / 40.1315°N 43.6484°E / 40.1315; 43.6484 (Akhurian) Achurjan (German), Akhourian (French), Akhurean - Ախուրեան (Classical Armenian), Akhuryan - Ախուրյան (Armenian), Akhuryan - Ахурян or Arpachay Арпачай (Russian), Arpaçay (Turkish), ارپه چاى (Ottoman Turkish)
Alatyr Russia54°47′31″N 45°06′50″E / 54.792°N 45.114°E / 54.792; 45.114 (Alatyr) Alatyr - Алатырь (Russian), Rator - Ратор (Erzya and Mocksha Mordvin), Ulatăr - Улатӑр (Chuvash)
Alazani Georgia (country) Azerbaijan Alaz - Алаз (Chechen), Alazan - Ալազան (Armenian), Alazan - Алазан (Avaric), Alazani - ალაზანი (Georgian), Alazani - Алаза́ни (Russian), Dur - Дур (Tsakhur), Qanıx (Azerbaijani)
Albula Switzerland Albula (German), Alvra (Romansh)
Alfeios Greece Alfeo (Italian, Spanish), Alfios (German), Alphée (French), Alpheiós - Ἀλφειός (ancient Greek), Alpheus (Latin), Alphiós - Αλφειός (modern Greek), Rouphiás - Ρουφιάς (alternative Greek name)
Aller Germany Alera, Elera and Alara (Old Saxon/Neo-Latin; 8th-11th century), Aller (German)
Allier France Aleî (Auvergnat dialect of Occitan), Alèir (Occitan), Alier (Catalan), Allier (French), Elaver (Latin)
Altaelva Norway Alattionjoki (Finnish, Kven), Altaälven (Swedish), Altaelv (German), Altaelva (Norwegian), Álttáeatnu (Northern Sami)
Altmühl Germany Alcmona and Alcmana (8th-9th century), Altmühl (German)
Alzette Luxembourg France Alisontia (Latin), Alzette (French), Alzig and Elze (German, old), Uelzecht (Luxembourgish)
Amblève Belgium Ambleve (Walloon), Amblève (French), Amel (German)
Amper Germany Amber (Latin), Ammer (German; upstream river), Amper (German; downstream river)
Amstel Netherlands Aem or Aeme (Old Frisian), Aemstel (Middle Dutch; 12th-13th century), Amstel (Dutch)
Angrapa Russia Poland Angerapp (German), Angrapa - Анграпа (Russian), Angrapė (Lithuanian), Węgorapa (Polish)
Aniene Italy Anien, Anio or Tibero (Latin), Aniene or Teverone (Italian)
Aoös Albania Greece Aias/Aoös - Αίας/Αώος (modern Greek), Aōos - Αώος (Ancient Greek), Aous (Latin), Băiasa (Aromanian), Vjosa or Vjosë (Albanian), Vjosa (French, German), Voiussa (Italian), Vojuša - Војуша (Macedonian, Serbian), Vovousa - Βοβούσα (modern Greek alternative)
Arachthos Greece Arachthos (French, German, Italian, Spanish), Árakhthos - Άραχθος (Greek), Narta (Albanian)
Aragón Spain Aragó (Catalan), Aragoi (Basque), Aragon (French, Occitan), Aragón (Aragonese, Spanish), Aragonius (Latin)
Aras Turkey Armenia Iran Azerbaijan Arakhsi - არაქსი (Georgian), Araks - Արաքս (Armenian), Araks - Аракс (Russian), Aras (Turkish, German, Italian, Spanish), Aras - ارس (Persian), Araxe (French), Araxes (Latin, English variant), Araxes - Αράξης (ancient Greek), Araz (Azerbaijani), Erez (Kurdish), Rakhsi - რახსი (Old Georgian), Yeraskh - Երասխ (Classical Armenian)
Arda Greece Bulgaria Arda - Арда (Bulgarian), Arda (Turkish), Árdas - Άρδας (Modern Greek), Arpisos - Άρπησσος (Ancient Greek), Artiscus (Latin)
Ardèche France Ardecha (Occitan), Ardèche (French), Hentica? (AD 950)
Argens France Argenç (Occitan), Argens (French), Argenteus(Latin)
Argeș Romania Ardzhesh - Арджеш (Bulgarian), Argeș (Romanian), Argisch (German), Argyas (Hungarian), Ordessos and Argessus (Latin)
Ariège France Arièja (Occitan), Arieja (Catalan), Ariège (French), Aurigera(Latin)
Arieș Romania Aranyos (Hungarian), Arieș (Romanian), Goldfluss (German, rare)
Arno Italy Arno (Italian), Arnu (Sicilian), Arnus (Latin)
Arroux France Arotius, Isrus, Hesrus or Adrus (Latin), Arroux (French)
Aterno Italy Aterno (Italian; upstream part), Aternos - Άτερνος (Ancient Greek), Aternus and Piscarius (Latin), Pescara (Italian; downstream part)
Arve Switzerland France Arva (Latin), Arve (French)
Aube France Alba and Albis (Latin; 8th-9th century), Aube (French)
Aude France Atax (Latin), Aude (French, Catalan, Occitan),
Aulne France Alaunus (Latin), Aon (Breton, Welsh), Aulne (French)
Authie France Alteia (Latin), Authie (French), Eutie (Picard), Otie (Dutch)
Aveyron France Avairon (Occitan), Avario and Veronius (Latin), Aveyron (French)
Avon England Auvona (Latin), Bristol Avon(English variant)

B

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Bacchiglione Italy Bacajon (Venetian), Bacchiglione (Italian), Medoacus Minor (Latin)
Baïse France Baïsa (Occitan), Baïse (French), Banisia (Neo-Latin; 13th century), Vanesia (Latin; 4th century)
Bann Northern Ireland Bann Wattèr (Ulster-Scots), Bhanna (Irish)
Barrow Republic of Ireland Berua or Birgus (Latin), Bhearú (Irish)
Basento Italy Basento (Italian), Casuentus (Latin)
Bega Serbia Romania Bega (Romanian, German), Béga (Hungarian), Begej - Бегеј (Serbian, Bosnian)
Belaya (Kama) Russia Ağídel - Агыйдел (Tatar), Ağiźel - Ағиҙел (Bashkir), Aqedil - Ақеділ (Kazakh), Asho - Ашо (Erzya), Belaïa or Aguidel (French), Belaja (Dutch, German, Italian), Belaya - Бе́лая (Russian), Bélaya or Aghidhel (Spanish), Bila - Біла (Ukrainian), Osh Viche - Ош Виче (Mari), Töd’y Kam - Тӧдьы Кам (Udmur), Šur Atăl - Шур Атӑл (Chuvash)
Berezina Belarus Berezina - Березина (Russian, Ukrainian), Berezina (Czech, Lithuanian), Berezyna (Polish), Bjaresina (German), Byarezina - Бярэ́зіна (Belarusian)
Berkel Netherlands Germany Bekke (Achterhooks), Bercle, Bercla and Berclo (14th century), Berkel (Dutch, German, Low Saxon)
Berounka[1] Czech Republic Beraun (German), Berounka (Czech), Mies (German; upstream, formerly entire river), Mže (Czech; upstream, formerly entire river), Plzenská reka, Radbuza, Watta (former Czech names)
Bîc Moldova Bîc or Bâc (Romanian), Bik or Bic (German), Byk - Бик (Ukrainian), Byk - Бык (Russian)
Biebrza Poland Bebras (Lithuanian), Biebrza (Polish), Bober (German variant), Бобра - Bobra (former? Belarusian, Ukrainian), Byebzha - Бебжа (Belarusian)
Biferno Italy Biferno (Italian), Tifernus or Phiternus (Latin)
Birs Switzerland Birs (Alemannisch, German), Birsa (Italian, Latin), Birse (French)
Bistrica [fr; sr] Montenegro Bistrica (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian), Clear water (English)
Bistrița Romania Beszterce (Hungarian), Bistrița (Romanian), Bistritz (German), Nösen (archaic German)
Blackwater (Munster) Republic of Ireland An Abha Mhór (Irish), Auenmorus (Latin)
Blavet France Blabia, later Blavetum or Blavitta (Latin), Blavet (French), Blavezh (Breton, Welsh),
Bóbr Poland Czech Republic Bober (German), Bobr (Czech, Sorbian), Bóbr (Polish), Bobrawa (Lower Sorbian variant), Bubr - Бубр (Ukrainian)
Bodrog Hungary Slovakia Bodrog (Slovak, Hungarian), Bodrok (former Slovak variant)
Buna Albania Montenegro Barbana (Latin), Boiana (Italian), Bojana - Бојана (Montenegrin, Macedonian, Serbian), Boyana (Turkish), Boyna - Μπούνα (Greek), Buna (Albanian, Czech, French, German), Bunë (Albanian)
Bosna Bosnia and Herzegovina Basana / Bathinus (Latin), Bosna (Bosnian, Croatian), Bosna - Босна (Serbian), Bośnia (Polish)
Boyne Republic of Ireland Bhóinn or Abhainn na Bóinne (Irish), Boandus (Neo-Latin (13th-century), Bououinda - Βουουινδα (Greek, 2nd century)
Brda Poland Brahe (German), Brda (Polish, Czech)
Brenta Italy Brandau (German), Brenta (Italian, Venetian), Medeiochos - Μηδειοχος (ancient Greek), Medoacus Maior (Latin)
Bug, Southern Ukraine Aksu (Ottoman Turkish), Boh (Czech, Polish, Slovak), Boug méridional (French), Bug or Bugul de Sud (Romanian), Etelä-Bug (Finnish), Hypanis - Ύπανις (ancient Greek, Latin), Lõuna-Bug (Estonian), Pivdennyi Buh - Південний Буг (Ukrainian), Südlicher Bug (German), Yuzhnyi Bug - Южный Буг (Russian), Zuidelijke Boeg (Dutch)
Bug, Western Poland Belarus Ukraine Boug (French), Bug (Polish, English, German, Hungarian), Bug / Länsi-Bug (Finnish), Bug / Lääne-Bug (Estonian), Bug - בוג (Yiddish), Buga (Latin, Latvian), Bugas (Lithuanian), Zakhidyi Buh - Західний Буг (Ukrainian), Zakhodni Bug - Заходні Буг (Belarusian), Zapadnyi Bug - Западный Буг (Russian)
Buzău Romania Bodza (Hungarian), Buzau (German), Buzău (Romanian)

C

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Canche France Canche (French, Picard), Kwinte (Old Dutch), Quantia or Cancia (Latin)
Cetina Croatia Cetina (Croatian, Bosnian), Cetina - Цетина (Serbian), Cettina (Italian), Zetina (German (archaic))
Cehotina Montenegro Ćehotina (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian)
Charente France Carantonus (Latin; 4th century),[2] Charanta (Occitan), Charente (French), Kanentelos - Κανεντελος (Ancient Greek; 140 AD).[3]
Cheptsa Russia Čepca (Italian), Cheptsa - Чепца (Russian), Chupchi - Чупчи (Udmurt), Çüpçe - Чүпче (Tatar), Tcheptsa (French), Tschepza (German)
Cher France Caris, Carus, Chares, Charus (Latin),[2] Char (Occitan), Cher (French)
Chiers France Belgium Luxembourg Chiers (French), Korn (German), Kuer (or Kar,Kor or Korn) (Luxembourgish)
Chusovaya Russia Chusovaya - Чусовая (Russian, Chuvash), Čusovaja (Italian), Tchoussovaïa (French), Tschussowaja (German), Tsjoesovaja (Dutch)
Cinca Spain Cinca (Aragonese, Catalan, Spanish), Cinga (Latin, 1st century BC),[4] Nahr al-Zaytun (Arabic, 9th-century),[5] Zinca (Aragonese; old spelling?)
Clyde Scotland Chluaidh (Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Irish), Cluda or Glota (Latin),[2] Clud (Welsh), Clud or Clut (medieval Cumbric), Clyde (Scots)
Cogâlnic Ukraine Moldova Cogâlnic, Cunduc or Cogîlnic (Romanian), Kogelnik (German), Kogylnik - Когильник (Russian), Kohylnyk - Когильник or Kunduk - Кундук (Ukrainian)
Corrib Republic of Ireland Abhainn na Coiribe (English name translated in Irish), Galway River (Irish name translated into English), Ghaillimh (Irish)
Çoruh Georgia (country) Turkey Acampsis, Acampseon, Acapsis (Latin),[6] Akampsis - Άκαμψις (Greek), Boas - Βωας (6th-century Greek),[7] Boas, Chorokh and Churuk (former English),[8][9] Ch'orokhi - ჭოროხი (Georgian, Mingrelian), Čorox - Ճորոխ (Armenian), Çorox (Azerbaijani), Çoroxi (Zazaki), Çoruh (Turkish), Tchorokhi (French)
Couesnon France Coetnum or Cossonis (Latin),[2] Couesnon (French), Kouenon or C'houenon (Breton)
Crasna Hungary Romania Crasna (Romanian), Kraszna (Hungarian)
Creuse France Creuse (French), Crosa, Chrosa and Croza (8th-13th century neo-Latin)[10] Cruesa (Occitan)
Crişul Alb Hungary Romania Bílý Kriš (Czech, Slovak), Crişul Alb (Romanian), Fehér-Körös (Hungarian), Weiße Kreisch (German)
Crişul Negru Hungary Romania Černý Kriš (Czech), Čierny Kriš (Slovak), Crişul Negru (Romanian), Fekete-Körös (Hungarian), Schwarze Kreisch (German)
Crişul Repede Hungary Romania Bystrý Kriš (Slovak, Czech), Crişul Repede (Romanian), Schnelle Kreisch (German), Sebes-Körös (Hungarian)
Crna North Macedonia Cherna - Черна (Bulgarian), Cerna (Romanian, former English), Crna - Црна (Macedonian, Serbian), Erigon (Thracian),[11] Erigonas - Εριγώνας (Greek), Erigonus (Latin)

D

Douro at Porto
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Dahme Germany Dahme (German), Dubja or Damna (Upper Sorbian)
Dalälven Sweden Dal River or Dalecarlia River (English), Dalälven (Swedish)
Dâmbovița Romania Dâmbovița or Dîmbovița (Romanian), Dymbowica (Polish), Izvoru Oticului and Oticu (Romanian; alternative for upper reaches)
Danube Romania Ukraine Moldova Bulgaria Serbia Croatia Hungary Slovakia Austria Germany Danav (Breton), Danóib (Irish), Danube (French), Danubi (Albanian, Catalan, Lombard, Occitan), Danubio (Italian, Spanish), Danúbio (Portuguese), Danuvius / Danubius (Latin; upper river),[12] Doana (Bavarian), Dóná (Icelandic), Donaris (Dacian, upper river),[13] Donau (Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, German, Indonesian, Norwegian, Swedish), Donava (Latvian, Slovene), Donaw/Donwy (Welsh), Donnä (Alemannic), Donua (Old English), Dounavis - Δούναβης (Greek), Duna (Aromanian, Hungarian), Dunaj (Czech, Polish, Slovak), Dunaja (Romani), Dunărea (Romanian), Dunav - Дунав (Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian), Dunay - Дунай (Russian, Ukrainian), Dunojus (Lithuanian), Hister or Ister (Latin; lower river),[12] Istros - Ιστρος (Ancient Greek; lower river), Matoas (Thracian),[14] Tonava (Finnish), Tuna (Turkish)
Daugava or Western Dvina Latvia Belarus Russia Daugava (Latvian, Estonian, French, Italian), Daugava or Västra Dvina (Swedish), Daugava or Westelijke Dwina (Dutch), Daugova (Latgalian, Samogitian), Dauguva (Lithuanian), Duina (Spanish), Duina Occidentalis (Latin), Duína Ocidental (Portuguese), Düna (German), Dvina Thiar (Irish), Dz'vina - Дзьвіна (Belarusian), Dźwina (Polish), Ntaounkava - Νταουγκάβα or Dytikos Ntbina - Δυτικός Ντβίνα (Greek), Väina (Estonian), Väinäjoki (Finnish), Vēna (Livonian), Western Dvina (alternative English name), Zakhidna Dvina - Західна Двіна (Ukrainian), Zapadnaya Dvina - Западная Двина (Russian), Západní Dvina (Czech, Slovak)
Dee, Aberdeenshire Scotland Abredea and Diona (Latin), Dee (Scots, Welsh), Dhè (Scottish Gaelic), Dhé (Irish)
Dee, Wales Wales England Dea/Deia/Deva/Deya (Latin), Dyfrdwy (Welsh, Breton, Scottish Gaelic)
Dender Belgium Dender (Dutch, West Flemish), Dendre (French), Tinre (Walloon)
Desna Ukraine Russia Desna - Десна (Russian, Ukrainian), Deyasna - Дзясна (Belarusian), Gyeszna (Hungarian)
Dinkel Netherlands Germany Deenkel (Low Saxon), Dinkel (Dutch, German)
Dnieper Ukraine Belarus Russia Borysthenes (early Latin), Borysthenes - Βορυσθενης (early Ancient Greek), Dānu apara or Dānu apr (Sarmatian), Danaper (late Latin), Danapres - Δαναπρης (late Ancient Greek), Danápris(Portuguese), Dinyeper (Turkish), Dneiperos - Δνείπερος (modern Greek), Dneper (Slovene), Dnepr (Danish, Estonian, Finnish, German, Norwegian, Swedish), Dnepr - Днепр (Russian), Dněpr (Czech), Dnieper (Italian), Dniéper (Spanish), Dnièper (Catalan), Dniepr (Polish), an Dnípir (Irish), Dnipro - Дніпро or Dniper - Дніпер (Ukrainian), Dnjepar (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian), Dnjepr (Dutch), Dnyapro - Дняпро or Dnyepr - Днепр (Belarusian), Dnyeper (Hungarian), Exi (Tatar), Nipru (Romanian), Özü (Crimean Tatar), Slavuta or Slavutych (Old East Slavic), Var (Hunnic), *Varu-stāna (Scythian)
Dniester Ukraine Moldova Dānu nazdya (Sarmatian), Dinyester (Turkish), Dnesteros - Δνειστερος (modern Greek), Dnester (Slovene), Dnestr - Днестр (Russian), Dnestr (Estonian, Finnish, Swedish), Dněstr (Czech), Dniester (Italian), Dnièster (Catalan), Dniestr (Polish), Dnister (English variant), Dnister - Дністер (Ukrainian), an Dnístir (Irish), Dnjestar (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian), Dnjestr (Dutch, Swedish), Dnyeszter (Hungarian), Ister (Thracian), Nester (Yiddish), Nistro (Italian, Portuguese), Nistru (Romanian), Thyras - Θυρας (Ancient Greek), tūra (Scythian), Turla (Turkish), Tyras (Latin), Danastro (Portuguese)
Dollart Netherlands Germany Doalert (Western Frisian), Dollard (Dutch, French), Dollart (German), Dollert (Low Saxon), Dullert (Low German, Saterland Frisian)
Dommel Netherlands Belgium Dommel (Dutch; Limburgish), Duthmala (Latin; 8th century)
Don Russia Don - Дон (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian), Don (French, German, Spanish, etc.), Silys (Scythian),[15] Tăn - Тэн (Kabardian), Tanais (Latin),[16] Tanaïs - Τάναϊς (Ancient Greek), Tyn - Тын (Tatar)
Don, Aberdeenshire Scotland Deathan (Irish), Devona (Latin), Dheathain (Scottish Gaelic), Don (Scots)
Donets Russia Ukraine Danets Данец (Belarusian), Donec (Italian), Donets (Dutch, French, Spanish), (Sívers'kyj) Donets Донець (Ukrainian), (Séverskij) Donets - Донец (Russian), Donez (German), Doniec (Polish), Donyec (Hungarian), Tanais Minor or Severiensis (Latin)
Dora Baltea Italy Deura Bàotia (Piedmontese), Djouiye (Valdôtain),[17] Doire baltée (French), Dora Baltea (Italian, Lombard), Duère Baltèa or Duère (Arpitan), Duria Bautica or Duria Maior (Latin),[2] Dzouëre (Valdôtain),[18] Jouère Baltèa or Jouère (Arpitan)
Dora Riparia Italy Dòira Rivaria (Piedmontese), Doire Ripaire (French), Dora Riparia (Italian), Duria minor or Duria Ripuaria (Latin)
Dordogne France Dordogna (Breton, Italian), Dordogne (French), Dordoina (Basque), Dordoña (Spanish), Dordonha (Occitan, Portuguese), Dordonya (Catalan), Ḏornton - Ντορντόν (modern Greek), Duranius (Latin)[19]
Dospat Greece Bulgaria Despatis/Despotis - Δεσπάτης/Δεσπότης (Greek), Dospat/Dospat dere - Доспат/Доспат дере (Bulgarian), Rata - Рата (alternative Bulgarian), Sura (Thracian)
Doubs France Switzerland Doubes - Δουβης (Ancient Greek), Doubs (Alemannisch, French), Dub (German), Dubis (Latin),[20] Dubs (Franco-Provençal)
Douro Portugal Spain Douro (Galician, Mirandese, Portuguese, French), Duero (Aragonese, Asturian, Spanish, German, Italian), Durius (Latin)[21]
Drac France Drac (French, Occitan), Dracum and Dravus (Neo-Latin, 11th-13th century), Drau (Occitan, 16th-18th century)
Drammenselva Norway Drammen River (English variant), Drammenselva (Norwegian), Drammenselven (Danish
Drava or Drave Croatia Hungary Slovenia Austria Drau (German), Draus (Latin),[22] Drava (Bosnian, Croatian, Italian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Dráva (Czech, Hungarian), Drave (German; rarely), Dravus (Latin),[23] Drawa (Polish)
Drin Albania Kosovo North Macedonia Drilon (Latin),[24] Drim - Дрим (Macedonian, Serbian), Drin (French, German, Italian, Turkish), Drini (Albanian)
Drina Montenegro Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Dreinos - Δρεινος (Ancient Greek), Drina (Bosnian, Albanian, Hungarian, Italian, etc.), Drina - Дрина (Serbian, Macedonian), Drinos - Δρινος (Greek), Drinus (Latin),
Drôme France Droma (Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Early Modern Spanish), Drôme (French)
Drut Belarus Drout (French), Druc (Czech), Drut’ - Друть (Russian, Ukrainian), Druts or Druć - Друць (Belarusian)
Drwęca Poland Drewenz (German), Druvinčia (Lithuanian), Drvenca (Latvian), Drventsa - Дрвенца (Ukrainian), Drwęca (Polish)
Dunajec Poland Slovakia Dohnst (German; archaic), Dunajec (Polish, Slovak), Dunajez or Dunajetz (German)
Durance France Drouentia - Δrουεντια (Ancient Greek),[25] Druentia (Latin),[26] Druenza (Italian, former), Durance (French, Piedmontese), Duranza (Spanish variant), Durença (Occitan)
Dvina, Northern Russia (Northern) Dvina (French, Norwegian, etc.), (Northern) Dwina (German, Polish), Paŭnočnaia Dzvina - Паўночная Дзвіна (Belarusian), Pivnichna Dvina - Північна Двіна (Ukrainian), Severnaya Dvina - Северная Двина (Russian), Vienanjoki (Finnish), Výnva - Вынва (Komi)
Dyle Belgium Dijle (Dutch, German, Luxembourgish), Dyle (French), Tîle (Walloon)
Dyoma Russia Dim - Дим (Bashkir, Tatar), Dioma (French, Italian), Djoma (German), Dyoma - Дёма (Russian), Kugiz̦el - Күгиҙел (Baskir alternative)
Dysna Belarus Lithuania Disna - Дисна (Russian), Dysna (Lithuanian), Dzisna - Дзісна (Belarusian)

E

Ebro at Zaragoza
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Ebro Spain Eabró (Irish), Ebre (Catalan), Èbre (French), Ebro (Spanish, Basque, Finnish, Galician, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish), Ebru (Romanian), Evros - Έβρος (modern Greek), Hiber - Ἴβηρ (Ancient Greek), Hiberus, Iberus or Oleum Flumen (Latin)
Eder Germany Adarna, Aderna or Adrina (Neo-Latin), Adrana (Latin), Edder (Hessian), Eder (German)
Eider Germany Aider (Low Saxon), Egdor or Egdore (Latin), Egða (Icelandic), Eider (German, Dutch, Northern Frisian), Ejderen (Danish)
Eisack Italy Eisack (German), Eisock (Tyrolean/Bavarian), Isarcho (Ladin), Isarchos - Ισαρχος (Ancient Greek), Isarci (Rhaetian), Isarco (Italian), Isarcus, Hisarcus or Isarus (Latin)
Elbe Germany Czech Republic Albis (Latin), Ælf (Old English), an Eilbe (Irish), Elba (Catalan, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish), El'ba - Эльба (Russian), Elbas - Έλβας (Greek), Elbe (German, Dutch, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish), Elben (Danish, Norwegian), Elv (Low German), Elve (Low Saxon), Ialew (Northern Frisian), Laba (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Łaba (Polish, Silesian), Labe (Czech, Slovak), Łobjo (Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian)
Elde Germany Elde (German), Łada (historic Polish), Reecke (German; middle region)
Emajõgi Estonia Emajegi (Latvian), Emajegis (Lithuanian), Emajõgi (English, Estonian, Swedish), Emajõgi - Эмайыги (Russian), Emajoki (Finnish), Embach (German), Imäjõgi (Võro), Mētra (Latvian), Omovzha - Омовжа (Russian), Suur Emajõgi (Estonian)
Ems Germany Netherlands Amisia or Amisus (Latin), Amisos - Αμισος (Greek and Ancient Greek), Eems (Dutch, Low German, Low Saxon), Ems (German), Emže (Czech), Iems (Western Frisian), Oamse (Saterland Frisian)
Emscher Germany Amsara (Latin), Emscher (German), Iämscher (Low German)
Enguri Georgia (country) Egry - Егры (Abkhaz), Enguri - ენგური (Georgian), Ēnguri - Էնգուրի (Armenian), Ingirc̣q̇ari - ინგირწყარი or Ingiri - ინგირი (Mingrelian), Ingouri (French), Inguri - Ингури (Russian), İnquri (Azerbaijani)
Enns Austria Anisus (Greek and Latin), Aniža (Slovene), Enns (Austro-Bavarian, German, Hungarian), Enža (Slovak), Enže (Czech)
Erne Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Éirne (Irish, Manx), Erne (English, Welsh)
Esla Spain Aisela or Astura (Latin), Esla (Asturian, Galician, Spanish)
Eure France Autura or Ebura (Latin), Eure (French)
Eurotas Greece Basilipotamόs - Βασιλιποταμός (medieval name), Bomycas (earlier ancient Greek), Eurota (Italian), Eurotas (French, Latin, Spanish), Eurṓtas - Εὐρώτας (Greek), Evrotas (alternative English, German), Ewrotas (Polish), Himeras (earlier ancient Greek), Iri or Iris - Ίρις (medieval name for lower course),
Exe England Esk (Cornish), Isca (Latin), Wysg (Welsh)

F

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Fella [de; it] Italy Bela (Slovene), Bělá (Czech), Fela (Venetian), Fele (Friulian), Fella (German, Hungarian, Italian)
Fiora Italy Armenta, Armine or Armino (Latin, old Italian until 13th century), Fiora (Italian)
Foglia Italy Foglia (Italian), Isaurus or Pisaurus (Latin)
Forth Scotland Abhainn Dubh, Abhainn Foirthe (Scottish Gaelic), Bodotria (Latin; Firth of Forth), Afon Gweryd (Welsh), Uisge For (lower part; Irish, Scottish Gaelic)
Foyle Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Feabhal (Irish), Foyle (English)
Fulda Germany Fulda (German), Fuldaha (Latin), Gersfelder Wasser (German; upper regions)
Fyris River Sweden Sala River (Swedish)

G

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Gail Austria Cellia (medieval Latin (800 AD)) Gail (German, French, Italian), Geile (alternative German), Gila (medieval Latin (1090 AD)), Lica(s) or Licus (ancient Latin), Zeglia (former Italian), Zeie (Friulian), Zilja (Slovene)
Gardon France Gard or Gardon (French, Occitan), Vardo (Latin)
Garigliano Italy Gari-Lirano (historic Italian), Garigliano (Italian), Gariglianu (Sicilian), Liris, Caris lirianus and Clanis (Latin)
Garonne France Garona (Aranese, Basque, Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Croatian, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish), Garonna (Italian, Polish), Garonne (French, Dutch, Finnish, German), Garounas - Γαρούνας (Greek), Garumna or Garunna (Latin)
Gauja Latvia Estonia Gauja (Latvian, Finnish, French, Lithuanian), Gauya - Гауя (Russian), Koiva (Estonian, Võro), Livländische Aa (German)
Gave de Pau France Gave de Pau (French, Occitan), Paueko uhaitza (Basque)
Genil Spain Genil (Spanish), Guad al-Xenil (later Arabic), Singilis (Latin), Sinyil / Sannil (early Arabic)
Gers France Ægirtius, Egircius, Gircius (Latin, 6th century), Gers (French, Occitan), Gersio (Latin; 817), Iercius (Latin, 13th century)
Geul Netherlands Belgium Geul (Dutch, Limburgish), Göhl (German), Gueule (French)
Gironde France Gironda (Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Gironde (French, Finnish), Zhironda - Жиронда (Russian), Zhyronda - Жыронда, Жиронда (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Žironda (Serbian), Żyronda (Polish)
Glâne Switzerland Glâne (French), Glane (German)
Glomma Norway Glåma (Norwegian local), Glaumr (Old Norse), Glomma (Norwegian, Swedish)
Göta älv Sweden Gautelfr (Old Norse), Gautelfur (Icelandic), Gøtelv (Norwegian variant), Göta älv (Swedish, Norwegian)
Guadalete Spain Kriso - Κρισω and subsequently Lethe - Λήθη (Ancient Greek), Guadalete (Spanish), Guadaletho (Andalusian), Wādi Lakkah وادي لكة (Arabic)
Guadalquivir Spain Baetis (Latin), Guadalquivir (Spanish, Catalan, Extremaduran, Finnish, Italian), Gwadalkiwir (Polish), Wādi l-Kabīr الوادي الكبير (Arabic)
Guadiana Spain Portugal Flumen Anas (Latin), Guadiana (Catalan, French, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Gwadiana (Polish), Oudiana or Odiana (Medieval Spanish), Wadi Ana (Arabic)
Gudenå Denmark River Guden (alternative English), Gudenå or Gudenåen (Danish)
Gurk Austria Gurk (German, French, Hungarian, Italian, Serbo-Croatian), Krka (Slovenian)
Gwda Poland Gwda (Polish, Czech), Küdde (German, Swedish)

H

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Haine France Belgium Haine (French), Hene (Dutch), Henne (German)
Haliacmon Greece Aliacmone (Italian), Aliakmon (French), Aliakmonas (German), Aliákmonas - Αλιάκμονας (modern Greek), Astraeus (possible Latin for upper river), Bistrica - Бистрица (Bulgarian, Macedonian), Haliacmon (Latin), Haliacmón (Spanish), Haliákmōn - Ἁλιάκμων (ancient Greek), Ince-Karasu or Inje-Kara (Ottoman Turkish), Vistritsa, Vistritza or Vistriza (former English, German)
Hase Germany Chasu (Latin), Haase (former German spelling), Hase (German, Low Saxon)
Havel Germany Habala / Habola / Havila (Latin), Habola (Sorbian), Hafelis (Lithuanian), Havel (German, French, Italian, Spanish), Havola (Czech), Hawela (Polish)
Hérault France Arauris or Araura (Latin), Erau or Eraur (Occitan, Catalan), Erauus (Neo-Latin), Ero - Эро (Cyrillic transliteration), Hérault (French)
Hornád Hungary Slovakia Gornad - Горнад (Russian, Ukrainian), Hernach (German), Hernád (Hungarian), Hornad (Polish), Hornád (Slovak, Czech, Romanian), Kundert (rare German variant)
Horyn Belarus Ukraine Goryn’ - Горынь (Russian), Haryn’ - Гарынь (Belarusian), Horin (Yiddish), Horyn’ - Горинь (Ukrainian), Horyń (Polish), Horyň (Czech)
Hron Slovakia Garam (Hungarian), Gran (German), Gron - Грон (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian), Hron (Slovak, Czech)

I

Inn at Innsbruck
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Ialomița Romania Helibacia (Latin), Ialomița (Romanian), Jalomica or Ilonca (Hungarian), Jałomica (Polish), Naparis (Latin)
Ibar Serbia Kosovo Montenegro Ibar - Ибар (Serbian), Angrus (Latin), Ibar (Croatian), Ibër or Ibri (Albanian), İbre (Turkish)
Idrijca Slovenia Fetschenbach (German), Idria (Italian), Idrijca (Slovenian, Croatian)
Iijoki Finland Iijoki (Finnish), Ijo älv (Swedish)
IJssel Netherlands Iessel (Low Saxon), IJssel (Dutch), Isala (Latin), Isel (West Frisian), Issel or Ijssel (German), Yssel (French)
Ik Russia Ik - Ик (Russian), Iq - Ык (Tatar), Yq - Ыҡ (Bashkir)
Ilek Russia Kazakhstan Elek/Елік - Елек/Елік (Kazakh), Ilek - Илек (Russian)
Ill France Helella (Latin), Ill (Alemannic, French, German)
Iller Germany Hilara, Hilaria, and Ilargus (Latin), Iller (German)
Indalsälven Sweden Indalinjoki (Finnish), Indalsälven, Jämtlandsälven, Litsälven, and Storsjöälven (alternative Swedish names)
Indre France Andra, Anger, Endria or Inger (Latin), Endre (Occitan), Indre (French)
Inhul Ukraine Ingul - Ингул (Russian), Inhul - Інгул (Ukrainian), Panticapes - Παντικάπης (Ancient Greek)?
Inhulets Ukraine Ingulec (Polish), Ingulets - Ингуле́ц (Russian), Inhulets’ - Інгулець (Ukrainian), Inhulez (German), Hypakyris (Ancient Greek)?
Inn Germany Austria Switzerland Aenus (Latin), Ainos - Αινος (Ancient Greek), En (Romansh), Eno (Italian), Enus or Oenus (Medieval Latin), Inn (Austro-Bavarian, German)
Iori Azerbaijan Georgia (country) Ioræ - Иорæ (Ossetic), Iori - იორი (Georgian), Iori - Иори (Russian), Kamyech - Կամբեճ(Armenian), Qabırlı (Azerbaijani), Qarbi - Къарби (Tsakhur)
Ipel/Ipoly Slovakia Hungary Eipel (German), Ipeľ (Slovak, Czech), Ipola (Polish), Ipoly (Hungarian), Jupol (archaic Slovak)
Isar Germany Austria Isar (German), Isara (Latin), Izar - Изар (Russian), Izara (Polish)
Isère France Isara (Latin), Isèra (Occitan, Catalan), Isère (French), Izera (Polish)
Iskar Bulgaria Iskar - Искър (Bulgarian), Iskăr (Romanian), İskar (Turkish), Oescus/Escus (Latin), Oiskos - Οἶσκος or Skios - Σκίος(Ancient Greek)
Isle France Eila (Occitan), Ella (Latin), Isle (French)
Isonzo Italy Slovenia Aesontius / Sontius (Latin), Aipsōntios - Αιψωντιος (Ancient Greek), Isonz (Lombard), Isonzo (Italian, French, German, Spanish), Isonzó (Hungarian), Lisonz (Venetian), Lusinç or Lisunç (Friulian), Soča (Slovene, Croatian, Czech), Sontig (historic German)
Izhma Bulgaria Ijma (French), Ischma(German), Izhma - И́жма (Russian), Ižma (alternative transliteration), Iźva - Изьва (Komi, Komi-Permyak)

J

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Jalón Spain Jalón (Spanish), Salo (Latin), Xalón or Exalón (Aragonese)
Jarama Spain Jarama (Spanish), Xarama (Latin)
Jeker Netherlands Belgium Geer (French), Jeker (Dutch, German, Limburgish), Neker or Eker (Maastricht dialect of Limburgish)
Jiu Romania Jiu (Romanian), Rabon (Latin), Schil or Schiel (German), Zsil (Hungarian)
Jizera Czech Republic Iser (German), Izera (Polish, Jizera (Czech, Slovak, Upper Sorbian)
Júcar Spain Júcar (Spanish), Sucro (Latin), Xúcar (Aragonese, Galician), Xúquer (Catalan, Valencian)

K

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Kalix Sweden Gáláseatnu (Northern Sami), Kaalasväylä and Kaihnuunväylä (Meänkieli), Kalix älv or Kalixälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Kalixjoki (Finnish), Kölisälva (Kalix dialect)
Kama Russia Cama or Kama (Latin), Čolman - Чолман (Mari), Çulman - Чулман (Chuvash, Tatar), Kam - Кам (Udmurt), Kama - Кама (Komi, Russian), Şolman - Шолман (Kazakh)
Kamchiya Bulgaria Kamchiya or Kamčija - Камчия (Bulgarian), Kamcia or Camcia (Romanian), Panisos - Πανισος (Ancient Greek), Ticha (Old Slavic)
Kem Russia Kem - Кемь (Russian), Kemijogi (Karelian), Kemijoki (Finnish)
Kemijoki Finland Giemajohka (Northern Sami), Kemi älv (Swedish), Kemijoki (Finnish)
Khopyor Russia Chopër (Italian), Chopjor (German), Jopior (Spanish), Khoper / Khopior (French), Khopra - Хопра (Mocksha), Khopyor / Khoper - Хопёр (Russian)
Klarälven Sweden Norway Clarus (Latin), Klara/Klaraelva (former Norwegian), Klarälven (Swedish), Trysilelva (Norwegian)
Klyazma Russia Clesma (Latin), Klaźma (Polish), Kliazma (French, Spanish), Kljasma (German), Kljazma (Czech, Dutch, Finnish, Italian), Klyaz'ma - Клязьма (Russian), Kľazma (Slovak), Malye Podbortsy - Малые Подборцы (Bashkir)
Kodori Georgia (country) Kodor - Кодор (Russian), Kodori - კოდორი (Georgian), Kwydry - Кәыдры (Abkhaz)
Kokemäenjoki Finland Kokemäenjoki (Finnish), Kumo älv (Swedish)
Körös Hungary Romania Criş (Romanian), Crisius (or Grisia, Gerasus) (Latin), Keresz (Polish), Körös (Hungarian), Kreisch (German), Kriš (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovak),
Kostroma Russia Kastrama - Кастрама (Belarusian), Kostrom (Veps), Kostroma - Кострома́ (Russian),
Kovda Russia Koundaälven (Swedish), Koutajoki (Finnish, Karelian), Kovda - Ковда (Russian)
Krka Slovenia Corcoras (Latin), Korka - Κόρκα (modern Greek), Korkoras - Κορκόρας (ancient Greek), Krainer Gurk (German), Krka (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, French, Serbian, Slovene)
Krka Croatia Cherca (Italian), Corcoras or Titius (Latin), Katarbates - Καταρβάτης (ancient Greek; perhaps), Kerka (Hungarian), Krka (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovene), Korkoras - Κορκορας (Ancient Greek),
Kuban Russia Hypanis (Latin), Hypanis - Ύπανις (ancient Greek), Kouban or Koubane (French), Kuban - Куба́нь (Russian), Psyzh" - Псыжъ (Circassian), Qoban - Кобан (Karachay–Balkar, Nogai), Q̇vbina - Къвбина (Abaza),
Kupa Croatia Slovenia Colapis or Calapius (Latin), Kolpa (Slovene), Kulpa (German, Hungarian), Kupa (Croatian, Bosnian), Kupa - Купа (Serbian)
Kura Azerbaijan Georgia (country) Cyrus, Cyrrhus or Corius (ancient Latin), Gur - Կուր (Armenian), Khuar - Къуар (Ossetic), Koera (Dutch), Kor - Кор (Avar), Koura (French), Kür (Azerbaijani), Kura (Turkish, Italian, Spanish), Kura - Кура (Russian), Kyros - Κῦρος (ancient Greek), Mt'k'vari - მტკვარი (Georgian, Mingrelian), Mtkvari (alternative name in Western European languages))
Kymi Finland Kymi or Kymijoki (Finnish), Kymmene (Swedish)

L

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Laba Russia Laba - Лаба (Russian), Labæ - Лабæ (Ossetian), Labez̄ - Лабэжъ (Adyghe, Kabardian)
Laborec Slovakia Laborc (Hungarian), Laborec (Slovak), Laborets - Лаборець (Ukrainian), Labortz or Laborz (German; less common variants)
Laga Sweden Lafuan (17th-century Neo-Latin),[27] Lagan (Swedish)
Lahn Germany Lahn (German), Laugana or Loganus (Latin)
Lambro Italy Lamber or Lambar (Lombard), Lambro (Italian), Lambrus or Labarus (Latin)[2]
Latorica Slovakia Ukraine Latorca (Hungarian), Latorica (Slovak), Latoritsa - Латорица (Russian), Latorytsia - Латориця (Ukrainian)
Lech Germany Austria Lech (German, Bavarian), Lica, Licca, or Licus (Latin; between 500 and 1100),[2] Likios or Likias - Λικιας (Greek; 2nd century)[28]
Lee Republic of Ireland An Laoi (Irish)
Leine Germany Laginga, Lainegha and Lagina (Old Saxon or Neo-Latin; 10th-11th century),[29] Leine (German)
Leitha Hungary Austria Lajta (Hungarian), Leita (Italian, Spanish), Leitha (German, French, Slovenian), Lîtaha (Old High German),[30] Litava (Croatian, Czech, Slovak), Litawa (Polish), Sárviz or Sár (former Hungarian)
Lek Netherlands Lek (Dutch), Lokkia, Lokkiam and Loccham (Old Dutch and/or Neo-Latin; 8th-10th century)[31]
Lielupe Latvia Kurländische Aa (German), Lėilopė (Samogitian), Lelupa (Polish), Lielupe (Latvian, French, Russian, Swedish), Lielupė (Lithuanian)
Liffey Republic of Ireland Anna Liffey (anglicisation of Irish Abhainn na Life), Libnius or Modanus (Latin),[32] Life (Irish, Breton, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh), Ruirthech (Irish; pre-19th century)[33]
Lim Montenegro Limnos (Greek), Limus (Latin), Lim (Montenegrin, Serbian)
Limmat Switzerland Limet (Alemannic), Limig (German; archaic), Limmat (German, Romansh), Limmig (Aargau dialect), Lindimacus and Lindimagus (Latin; 8th-9th century), Lindmagt/Lindmat (German; 15th-16th century),[34] Linth (German; upper course)
Lippe Germany Lippe (German), Lupia, Lippa, Libia (Latin)[2]
Livenza Italy Lighintha (local Friulian),[35] Liquentia, Liguencia or Liquetia (Latin),[2] Livence (Friulian), Łivensa (Venetian), Livenza (Italian)
Ljubljanica Slovenia Laibach (German), Ljubljanica (Slovene, Croatian), Ľubľanica (Slovak), Lublaňka or Lublanice (Czech), Lunghezza or Lubianizza (Italian), Nauportus - Ναύπορτος (Latin/Ancient Greek; 1st-century)
Ljungan Sweden Jångna or Aoa (Jamtlandic),[36] Ljungan (Swedish), Ognar (Old Swedish; 15th century)[37]
Ljusnan Sweden Ljusnan (Swedish), Lusn (Old Swedish; 14th century)[37]
Loir France Ledus (Latin; 616 AD),[38] Lez (Breton), Lidericus or Lœdus (Neo-Latin), Loir (French)
Loire France Léger, Leir or Leire (Occitan), Leira (Icelandic), Lêre (Arpitan), Liger (Breton, German (archaic)), Liger (Latin), Ligiras - Λίγηρας (Greek), Ligore (Old English), Loara (Bosnian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Loira (Basque, Catalan, Czech, Italian, Slovak, Spanish), Lòira (Piedmontese), Loire (French, Danish, Dutch, Hungarian, Spanish), Luara (Lithuanian), Luara - Луара (Russian, Ukrainian)
Lot France Lot (French), Olt (former French), Òlt (Occitan, Catalan), Oltis (Latin; Roman time),[39] Out (Occitan; variant and 13th century), Ulda and Ulta (Latin; 6th-7th century)[39]
Lovat Russia Belarus Lovać - Ловаць (Belarusian), Lovat' - Ловать (Russian), Lovot - Ловоть (Old East Slavic)[40]
Luga Russia Lauga jõgi (Estonian), Laugaz or Laukaa (Votic), Laukaa or Laukaanjoki (Finnish), Loukka (Ingrian), Luga - Луга (Russian)
Lule Sweden Julevädno or Lulejuädno (Lule Sami),[41][40] Lule älv or Luleälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Luulajanjoki (Finnish)
Luza Russia Luz - Луз (Komi), Luza - Луза (Russian)
Lužnice Czech Republic Austria Lainsitz (German), Luschnitz (German, pre-1918 for Bohemian part), Lužnice (Czech)
Łyna Russia Poland Alle (German, French), Alna (Lithuanian, Old Prussian (13th century)), Lava - Лава (Russian), Lina (Latvian), Łyna (Polish)
Lys Belgium France Legia (Latin; 7th-century),[42] Leie (Dutch, West Flemish, German), Lys (French)

M

Meuse/Maas at Maastricht
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Main Germany Main (German, Bavarian, Dutch, French), Maina (Latvian),[43] Mainas (Lithuanian),[43] Majna (Hungarian, Serbian), Mayn - Майн (Russian, Ukrainian), Mein (alternative spelling in French), Men (Polish, Piedmontese), Mèn (Lombard), Meno (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Moa (Bavarian variant), Moenis[44] or Moenus (Latin, 1st century), Mohan (Czech, Slovak, Sorbian)
Malka Russia Bałqyps - Балъкъыпс (Kabardian), Balyksu - Балыксу (Russian, from Karachay-Balkar), Balyq - Балыкъ (Karachay-Balkar), Malka - მალკა (Georgian), Malka - Малка (Russian), Malq - (Ossetian)
Maritsa Greece Turkey Bulgaria Ebros (Thracian),[45] Euros - Εύρος (Ancient Greek, used by Alcman c. 600 BC),[45] Hebros or Evros - Έβρος (Ancient and Modern Greek), Hebrus (Latin), Marica or Evros (Italian), Marica (Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish), Marița (Romanian), Maritsa - Марица (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian), Mariza (German), Meriç (Turkish)
Marne France Marna (Czech, Italian, Occitan, Polish, Romanian), Marne (Dutch, French, German, Spanish), Matrona (Latin)
Medveditsa (Don) Russia Medveditsa - Медведица (Russian), Medwediza (German), Miadzviedzitsa - Мядзведзіца (Belarusian), Miedwiedica (Polish), Vedmeditsa - Ведмедиця (Ukrainian)
Mersey England Mærse (Old English; 1002 AD),[46] Mersey (Irish), Merswy or Mersi (Welsh), Seteia (Latin; estuary)
Mezha Russia Meja (French), Mescha (German), Meža (Estonian, Lithuanian), Mezha - Межа (Russian), Mieża (Polish)
Meuse Netherlands Belgium France Helinius or Helinium (Latin; delta),[47] Maas (Dutch, Danish, Frisian, German, Hungarian, Low Saxon, Swedish), Maas - Маас (Russian), Maes (Zeelandic), Maos (Limburgish), Mása (Slovak), Máza (Czech), Mesa - Меза (Macedonian), Meuse (French, Picard, Romanian), Moas (West Flemish), Mosa (Latin, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish), Mouze (Walloon), Moza (Polish)
Mezen Russia Mesen (German), Mezen (French), Mezen' - Мезень (Russian), Mozyn - Мозын (Komi)
Midouze France Midosa (Catalan, Occitan), Midouze (Basque, French)
Mincio Italy Mens (Lombard), Menzo (Venetian), Minchios - Μίγχιος (Ancient Greek), Mincio (Italian), Mincius (Latin)
Minho Spain Portugal Minho (Portuguese, French, Mirandese), Minius (Latin),[48] Miño (Galician, Spanish, Catalan, German, Italian)
Moksha Russia Ĭov - Йов (locally in Moksha), Măkshǎ - Мӑкшӑ (Chuvash), Moksha - Мокша (Moksha, Russian), Moksho - Мокшо (Mari), Mükşı - Мукшы (Tatar)
Moldova Romania Moldau (German), Moldavia (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Mołdawa (Polish), Moldova (Romanian, French), Mulduha and Mulduva (16th-century Romanian)[49]
Molochna Ukraine Gerros - Γέρρος (Ancient Greek),[50] Gerrus (Latin), Molochna - Молочна (Ukrainian), Molochnaya - Молочная (Russian), Molotchna (French), Molotschna (German), Tokmachka - Токмачка (Ukrainian; upper part)
Mondego Portugal Mondego (Portuguese, Asturian, Galician, Spanish), Mundas (Latin),[48] Mundego (Mirandese)
Morača Montenegro Morača - Морача (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian), Moraça (Albanian), Oriundus? (Latin)[51]
Morava (Moravia) Austria Slovakia Czech Republic Maraha (Latin, 9th-11th century),[52][53] March (German), Marus (Latin), Morava (Czech, Slovak, French, Italian, Latin, Romanian, Slovene), Morawa (Polish), Morva (Hungarian)
(Great) Morava (Serbia) Serbia Brongos - Βρόγγος (Ancient Greek),[54] Margus (Latin),[54] (Velika) Morava - (Велика) Морава (Serbian, Bulgarian), (Golema) Morava - (Голема) Морава (Macedonian), Morava (Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene), Morawa (Polish)
South Morava Serbia North Macedonia Brongos - Βρόγγος (Ancient Greek),[55] Balgarska Morava - Българска Морава (former Bulgarian), Bulgarian Morava (former English), Južna Morava - Јужна Морава (Macedonian, Serbian)
West Morava Serbia Angros - Ανγρος (Ancient Greek),[55] Zapadna Morava - Западна Морава (Serbian, Bosnian)
Moselle Germany Luxembourg France Moezel (Dutch), Mosel (Alsatian, German, Hungarian, Ripuarian, Romanian, Swedish), Mosela (Czech, Portuguese, Spanish), Mosella (Italian, Latin), Mosel·la (Catalan), Moselle (French), Mosl (Bavarian), Mozel’ - Мозель (Russian), Mozela (Polish), Musalla (Latin),[56] Musel (Luxembourgish)
Moskva Russia Mäskäü - Мәскәү (Tatar), Maskva - Масква (Belarusian), Moscou (Portuguese), Moscova (Spanish), Moscus or Moscua (Neo-Latin), Moskau (German alternate), Mosko - Моско (Mari), Moskova (French, Turkish), Moskuba - Москуба (Yakut), Moskva - Москва (Russian, Ukrainian), Moskva (Dutch, Finnish), Moskwa (German, Polish), Muskav - Мускав (Chuvash)
Msta Russia Msta - Мста (Russian), Mstanjogi (Veps), Mustajoki (historically Finnish & Estonian)
Mulde Germany Milda (Latin, 10th century),[57][58] Módła (Lower Sorbian), Modłej (Upper Sorbian), Mulda (Czech, Polish)
Mur Hungary Serbia Slovenia Austria Muora (Latin, 10th century),[57] Mur (German, Dutch, French, Romanian), Mura (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, Slovene), Müra or Möra (Prekmurje Slovene)[59]
Mureş Hungary Romania Marisos - Μαρισος (Ancient Greek),[60] Marisus (Latin), Maros (Hungarian), Marosh - Марош (Russian), Maroš or Maruše (Czech), Marusza (Polish), Mieresch or Marosch (German), Moriš (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian), Mureş (Romanian), Mureš (Slovak)

N

Neman near Alytus
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Naab Germany Naab (German, French, Polish), Nába (Czech)
Namsen Norway Nååmesje (Southern Sami), Namsen (Norwegian, Swedish)
Narew Poland Belarus Narau - Нараў (Belarusian), Nare (former German), Narev (Czech), Narevas (Lithuanian), Narew (German, Polish)
Narva Estonia Russia Narv (Veps), Narva (Estonian, Latvian), Narva - Нарва (Russian, Belarusian), Narvajoki (Finnish), Narwa (Polish)
Neckar Germany Neccarus (Latin variant), Neckar (German), Nicer (Latin)
(Lusatian) Neisse Germany Poland Czech Republic Lausitzer Neiße (German), Lužická Nisa (Czech), Łužiska Nysa (Sorbian), Neisse (Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish), Nissa Lusatianus (Latin), Nysa Łużycka (Polish)
Eastern Neisse Poland Glatzer Neiße (German), Kladská Nisa (Czech), Nysa Kłodzka (Polish)
Raging Neisse Poland Nysa Szalona (Polish), Šílená Nisa (Czech), Wütende Neiße or Jauersche Neiße (German)
Neman Lithuania Russia Belarus Memel (German, Dutch), Mīmeli (Old Prussian), Neman - Неман (Russian), Němen (Czech), Nemons (Samogitian), Nemuna (Latvian), Nemunas (Lithuanian, Estonian, Norwegian), Niemen (Finnish, Polish, Spanish), Niémen (French), Njemen (Swedish), Nyoman - Нёман (Belarusian)
Nemunėlis Latvia Lithuania Memele - Мемеле (Russian), Mēmele (Latvian, Estonian), Nemunėlis (Lithuanian), Nemonielis (Samogitian), Niemenek (Polish)
Neretva Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Narenta (Italian), Naro (Latin), Narōn - Νάρων (ancient Greek), Neretva (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Slovene), Neretva - Неретва (Serbian), Neretwa (Polish)
Neris Lithuania Belarus Nere (Latvian), Neris (Lithuanian, Estonian, German), Néris (French), Viliya - Ві́лія (Belarusian), Viliya - Ви́лия (Russian), Wilia (Polish)
Nestos Greece Bulgaria Mesta - Места (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian), Mesta (French, Italian), Mesta Karasu (Ottoman Turkish), Nessus or Nestus (Latin), Nestos- Νέστος (Greek)
Neva Russia Neeva (Estonian), Neva (Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Swedish, Veps), Neva - Нева (Russian), Něva (Czech), Néva (Hungarian), Nevan (Swedish variant), Newa (German, Polish), Nieva (Latin variant), Njewa (Upper Sorbian), Nyava - Нява (Belarusian)
Nitra Slovakia Neutra (German), Nitra (Czech, Slovak), Nyitra (Hungarian)
Nore Republic of Ireland Eoyrus (Latin), An Fheoir (Irish)
Noteć Poland Natissis (Latin), Netze (German), Notec or Niéc (Kashubian), Noteć (Polish, Czech)

O

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Oder Poland Germany Czech Republic Biadros - Βιαδρος (Ancient Greek), Oder (German, Danish, Dutch, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Òder (Catalan), Odera (Hungarian), Odera or Oddera (medieval Latin), Odra (Lower Sorbian, Polish, Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene), Òdra (Kashubian), Onter - Όντερ (modern Greek), Suebus (Latin), Syebos- Συήβος (ancient Greek), Uder (Silesian German), Uodra (Silesian), Viadrus (Renaissance Latin), Vjodr (Old Church Slavonic), Wódra (Upper Sorbian)
Odet France Oded (Breton, Manx, Welsh), Odera (Latin), Odet (French)
Oglio Italy Oglio (Italian), Òi (Lombard), Ollius (Latin)
Ohře/Eger Czech Republic Germany Agara / Agira (9th-century),[61] Eger (German), Ohře, Ohara, and Oharka (Czech), Ohrza (Polish)
Oise France Esia (Neo-Latin), Isara (Latin), Oése (Picard), Oise (French)
Oka Russia Aka - Ака (Belarusian), Hura - Хура (Chuvash), Joka - Йока (Erzya), Occa or Aucensis (Latin), Oka - Ока (Russian, Mari, Mocksha)
Oker Germany Ovacra (Neo-Latin (AD 747)), Ocker (Early New High German)
Olt Romania Alt (German), Aluta (Latin, Polish), Alytos - Αλυτος (Greek), Olt (Hungarian, Romanian), Olt - Олт (Bulgarian), Oltu (Turkish)
Olza Poland Czech Republic Olsa (German), Olša (Slovak), Olše (Czech), Olza (Polish)
Onega Russia Äänisjoki (Finnish), Änine or Änižjogi (Veps), Onega - Оне́га (Russian)
Orava Slovakia Arva (Latin), Árva (Hungarian), Arwa (German), Orava (Czech, Slovak), Orawa (Polish)
Osam Bulgaria Assamus/Asamus (Latin), Osam - Осъм (Bulgarian), Ossam (German), Oszam (Hungarian),
Oskol UkraineRussia Askol - Аскол (Belarusian), Oskil - Оскіл (Ukrainian), Oskol - Оскол (Russian)
Osobloga Czech Republic Poland Hotzenplotz (German, for Prussian/Polish part), Osoblaha (Czech), Osobłoga (Polish), Ossa (German, for Austrian/Czechoslovak part)
Oulujoki Finland Oulujoki (Finnish), Ule älv (Norwegian, Swedish)
Ounasjoki Finland Ounasjoki (Finnish), Ovnnesjohka (Northern Sami)
Ourthe Belgium Ourthe (French, Luxembourgish), Oûte (Walloon), Urt (German), Urta (Latin, 870 AD)[62]
Ouse-Ure England Ear (English; 1025 AD, upper river),[63] *Isura (Britonic, Latin), Jor, Yore (English; 12th-century, upper river), Ouse (lower river), Ure (upper river), Usa (Old English; 780 AD, lower river)
Oust France Austa, Hulda, Ousta or Ultum (Latin), Oud (Breton), Oust (French), Out (Gallo)

P

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Paatsjoki Norway Russia Finland Báhčaveaijohka (Northern Sami), Paaččjokk (Skolt Sami), Paatsjoki (Finnish), Pasvik älv (Swedish), Pasvikelva (Norwegian), Paz - Паз or Patsojoki - Патсойоки (Russian)
Pechora Russia Pechora - Печо́ра (Russian), Pechora -Печӧра (Komi), Petchora (French), Petschora (German), Sanjero Jaha - Санэроˮ яха (Nenets)
Peene Germany Peene (German), Pěna (Czech), Piana (Polish)
Piave Italy Piav (Lombard), Piava (Slovenian), Piave (Italian, Croatian, French, Hungarian, Venetian), Piawa (Polish), Plavá (Czech), Plavis (Latin), Ploden (German)
Pineios Greece Pénée (French), Peneiós - Πηνειός (ancient Greek), Penej - Пеней, (Bulgarian, Croatian), Peneo (Spanish), Peneu (Catalan), Peneus (Latin), Pinios (Dutch, alternative English, German), Piniós - Πηνειός (modern Greek), Salabrias or Salambrias (medieval Latin)
Pisuerga Spain Pisorga or Pisorica (Latin), Pisuerga (Spanish, Aragonese, Basque, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese)
Pite Sweden Bidumiedno or Bisumiedno (Pite Sami), Bihtámädno (Lule Sami), Piitimenjoki (Finnish), Pite älv or Piteälven (Swedish, Norwegian)
Piva Montenegro Simacus (Latin, Greek), Piva (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian)
Po Italy Bodincus or Bodencus (Ligurian), Eridano (old Italian), Eridanos - Ηριδανος (Ancient Greek), Pad (Polish, Slovene), Pád (Czech), Pàdos - Παδος (modern Greek), Padus or Eridanus (Latin), Pfad (German), Phó (Irish), Po (Catalan, Dutch, Italian, Maltese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish, Venetian), Pò (Lombard, Piedmontese), Pó (Hungarian, Portuguese), Pô (Arpitan)
Pregolya Russia Pregel (German, Hungarian), Pregoła (Polish), Pregola (Czech, variant in English), Pregolja (Finnish), Pregolya - Преголя (Russian), Prieglius (Lithuanian), Vatrulia (Latin)
Prut Moldova Romania Ukraine Proet (Dutch), Prout (French), Prut (Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish), Prut - פּרוט (Yiddish), Pruth (German, English variant), Pyretòs - Πυρετος (Greek and Ancient Greek), Pyretus (Latin)
Prypiat Ukraine Belarus Pripeat (Romanian), Pripet (Finnish), Pripete (Latvian, Lithuanian), Pripetius (Latin), Pripiat (French, Spanish), Pripiať (Slovak), Pripjat (Dutch), Pripjať, Prypjať or Pripěť (Czech), Pripyat (English variant), Pripyat' - Припять (Russian), Pripjaty (Hungarian), Prõpjats (Estonian), Prypeć (Polish), Prypjat (German), Pryp'yat' - Прип'ять (Ukrainian), Prypyats' - Прыпяць (Belarusian)

R

Anterior Rhine in a canyon called Ruinaulta, Surselva, Switzerland
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Rába Hungary Austria Arabo or Raba (Latin), Arabos - Αραβος (Ancient Greek), Raab (German), Rába (Hungarian, Czech), Raba (Romanian, Slovene)
Rance France Rance (French), Rancz (Gallo), Renk (Breton, Welsh), Rinctius (Latin)
Råne Sweden Radnejokk (Northern Sami), Råneälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Rávnaädno (Lule Sami, Northern Sami), Raunajoki (Finnish)
Rhine Netherlands Germany France Switzerland Austria Liechtenstein Rain (Romansh), Rajna (Bosnian, Croatian, Hungarian, Serbian), Rayn - רײַן (Yiddish), Rein (Estonian, Finnish), an Réin (Irish), Reina (Latvian), Reinas (Lithuanian), Ren (Occitan, Polish, Slovene, Turkish), Reno (Italian, Portuguese), Renu (Corsican, Maltese), Reyn - Рейн (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Reyn - Рэйн (Belarusian), Rhäin (Luxembourgish), Rhein (German, Bavarian, Welsh), Rhen (Swedish), Rhenos - Ρηνος (ancient Greek), Rhenus (Latin), Rhien (Low Saxon), Rhin (French, Basque), Rhinen (Danish, Norwegian), Rhing (Colognian), Rhoi (Palatine German), Rhy (Alemannic German), Rien (Limburgish, Low Saxon), Rijn (Dutch), Rin (Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, Walloon), Roen (Breton), Ryn (Afrikaans, Western Frisian), Rýn (Czech, Slovak)
Rhône France Switzerland Rhodanòs - Ροδανος (Greek and Ancient Greek), Rhodanus (Latin), Rhôna (Czech, Slovak), Rhône (French, Dutch, Estonian), Rhone (German, Hungarian), Rodan (Romansh, Polish), Rodano (Basque, Italian), Ródano (Portuguese, Spanish), Ròden (Lombard), *Rodonos (Gaulic), Róin (Irish), Roine (Catalan), Ron (Breton, Romanian), Rón (Icelandic), Rona - Рона (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Rona (Croatian, Slovene), Róna (Czech), Rône (Western Frisian), Rôno (Arpitan), Ròno (Piedmontese), Ròse (Occitan), Rotten (Walliser German, former German), Rottu (Alemannisch), Roûno (Franco-Provençal)
Rienz Italy Byrrha (Latin), Rienz (German), Rienza (Italian)
Rioni Georgia (country) Phasis - Φᾶσις (ancient and modern Greek), Rion (English variant), Rion - Ռիոն (Armenian), Rioni - რიონი (Georgian), Rioni - Риони (Russian)
Rubicon Italy Rubicão (Portuguese), Rubico or Rubicon (Latin), Rubicó (Catalan), Rubicon (Danish, Dutch, French, Hungarian, Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish), Rubicón (Spanish), Rubicone (Italian), Rubikon (Czech, Finnish, German, Polish, Slovene), Rubikon - Рубикон (Bulgarian, Russian)
Ruhr Germany Ruhr (German, Dutch, French, Low German), Ruhra (Polish), Rúr (Czech), Rura or Rurinna (Latin)
Rur Netherlands Germany Belgium Roer (Dutch, French, Italian, Limburgish), Roër (Italian variant), Roûle (Walloon), Rur (German, Colognian, Romanian, Spanish)

S

Saane/Sarine at Fribourg
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Saale Germany Saale (German), Sala (Latin), Sála (Czech, Slovak), Solawa (Sorbian), Soława (Polish)
Saane/Sarine Switzerland Charnà (Fribourg patois), Saane (German), Sanona (Latin), Sarina (Italian), Sarine (French)
Saar Germany France Saar (Danish, German, Hungarian, Italian, Romanian), Saar - Саар (Russian), Saara (Polish), Saravus (Latin), Sarre (French, Portuguese, Spanish), an tSáir (Irish)
Sado Portugal Calipus (Latin), Sádão (archaic Portuguese), Sado (Portuguese)
Sajó Hungary Slovakia Sajo (Romanian), Sajó (Hungarian), Šajo (Croatian), Salz, Salza or Salzbach, (German), Slaná (Slovak, Czech)
Sakmara Russia Haqmar - Һаҡмар (Bashkir), Sakmar - Сакмар (Tatar), Sakmara - Сакмара (Russian)
Salzach Austria Germany Isonta (Latin, upper part), Iuvarus / Ivarus (Latin), Salzach (German), Salzaha (Neo-Latin), Soizach (Austro-Bavarian)
Samara Russia Samar - Самар (Chuvash, Tatar), Samara - Самара (Russian)
Sambre Belgium France Sabes - Σαβης (Ancient Greek), Sabis (Latin), Sambe (Walloon), Samber (Dutch), Sambra (Polish), Sambre (French, German, Luxembourgish)
Samur Russia Azerbaijan Kʼulan - Кьулан or Chhvegʼan - ЧӀвегьер (Lezgian), Samur - Самур (Russian), Samurçay (Azerbaijani, Turkish), Samyr - Самыр (Rutul)
San Poland Ukraine Saan (German), San (Polish, Slovak), Sian - Сян (Ukrainian)
Sangro Italy Isagros - Ισαγρος or Sagros - Σαγρος (Ancient Greek), Sagrus (Latin), Sangro (Latin)
Saône France Arar (pre-Roman), Brigoulus, Sagonna or Souconna (Latin), Saona (Catalan, Czech, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish), Saône (Estonian, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian), Sona (Arpitan), Sòna (Occitan)
Sauer Germany Luxembourg Belgium Sauer (German, Luxembourgish), Seure (Walloon), Sura (Latin), Sûre (French)
Sava Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Slovenia Sabos - Σαβος (Ancient Greek), Sau (German), Sava (Bosnian, Croatian, Italian, Romanian, Slovene, Turkish), Sava - Сава (Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian), Sáva (Czech, Slovak), Save (French, German, variant in English), Savus (Latin), Sawa (Polish), Sawe (German variant), Száva (Hungarian)
Schaale Germany Chalousos (Ancient Greek)
Scheldt Netherlands Belgium France Escalda (Spanish), Escaut (French, Picard), Escô (Walloon), Scaldis (Latin), Schelda (Italian), Schelde (Dutch, German, Hungarian, Swedish, West Flemish, Zeelandic), Šelda (Czech), Sjelde (Limburgish), Skalda (Polish), Skelde (West Frisian)
Segre Spain France Segre (Catalan, Occitan, Spanish), Sègre (French), Sicoris (Latin), Nahr az-Zaytūn نهر الزيتون (Arabic)
Segura Spain Segura (Spanish), Tader or Thader (Latin), Wadi al-Abyad or War-Alabiat - وادي الأبيض or شقورة, (Arabic)
Seine France Saena (Breton), Seina (Czech), Sèina (Occitan), Seine (Dutch, French, German, Swedish variant, Welsh), Seinen (Danish, Swedish), Sekwana (Polish), Sen (Turkish), Sena (Catalan, Croatian, Galician, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Slovene), Sena - Сена (Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian), Senna (Italian), Sequana or Sequanna (Celtic), Sequana or Sequanus (Latin), Sigen (Old English), Signa (Icelandic), Sikouànas - Σηκουάνας (Greek), Sinne (Walloon), Szajna (Hungarian), an tSéin (Irish)
Sele France Sele (Italian), Sélé (French), Silarus, Siler, Silerus or Sylar (Latin)
Semois France Belgium Semois (French [Belgium]), Semoy (French [France]), Sesbach (German), Sesomires or Sesmara (Latin), Setzbaach (Arlon Luxembourgish), Simwès or Smwès (Walloon)
Sense Switzerland Chindzena (Fribourg patois), Sense (German), Singine (French)
Sesia Italy Sesia (Italian, Piedmontese), Sesites, Sessites or Sicia (Latin), Tseschra (Walser German)
Šešupė Lithuania Russia Poland Ostfluss (briefly former German), Scheschup(p)e (German), Šešopė (Samogitian), Šešupė (Lithuanian), Sheshupe - Шешупе (Russian), Szeszupa (Polish)
Severn England Wales (Afon) Hafren (Welsh), Sabhrainn (Irish), Sabrina (Latin), Sæfern (Old English)
Seym Ukraine Russia Seim, Sejm or Seym - Сейм (Russian, Ukrainian), Sejm (Czech, Polish)
Shannon Republic of Ireland Abhainn na Sionainne (variant in Irish), y Çhannon (Manx), Scene (Old English), Senus (Latin), Shanon - Շանոն (Armenian), Shanon - Шанон (Macedonian), Shannon - Шаннон (Russian), Shanǎn - Шанън (Bulgarian), an tSionainn (Irish), an tSionna (variant in Irish)
Shkumbin Albania Genessus or Genusus (Latin), Genoúsos - Γενούσος (Ancient Greek), Shkumbin or Shkëmbi (Albanian), Shkumba - Шкумба or Shkumbin - Шкумбин (Macedonian, Serbian), Skoumpin - Σκούμπιν (Modern Greek)
Sieg Germany Segaha (Latin), Sie (Colognian dialect), Sieg (German)
Siret Romania Ukraine Ararus or Hierasus (Latin), Hierasòs - Ιερασος (Ancient Greek), Seret (Polish), Seret / Siret - Серет / Сірет (Ukrainian), Sereth (German), Siret (Romanian), Siret - Сирет (Russian), Sireth (traditional English), Szeret (Hungarian)
Skellefte Sweden Skellefteälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Syöldateiednuo (Ume Sami)
Soča Italy Slovenia Aesontius / Sontius (Latin), Aipsōntios - Αιψωντιος (Ancient Greek), Isonz (Lombard), Isonzo (Italian, French, German, Spanish), Isonzó (Hungarian), Lisonz (Venetian), Lusinç or Lisunç (Friulian), Soča (Slovene, Croatian, Czech), Sontig (historic German)
Someş Hungary Romania Samosch (German), Samosius / Samus (Latin), Samosz (Polish), Someş (Romanian), Somesch (German), Somesh - Сомеш (Ukrainian), Szamos (Hungarian)
Someşul Mare Romania Großer Somesch (German), Nagy-Szamos (Hungarian), Someşul Mare (Romanian)
Someşul Mic Romania Kis-Szamos (Hungarian), Kleiner Somesch (German), Someşul Mic (Romanian)
Somme France Samara (Gaulish, Latin), Somena/Somona (Latin variants), Somma (Polish), Somme (French, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Swedish), Sonme (Picard), Zomme (Middle Dutch), Zoom (West Flemish)
Sozh Ukraine Belarus Russia Soj (French), Sosch (German), Soż (Polish), Sožas (Lithuanian), Sozh - Сож (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian)
Spey Scotland Spè (Scottish Gaelic), Uisge Spé (Irish), Spea (Latin)
Spree Germany Czech Republic Spree (German, Swedish), Spréva (Czech), Spreva (Latin), Sprewa / Szprewa (Polish), Sprjewja (Lower Sorbian), Sprowja / Sprewja / Šprewa (Sorbian)
Struma Greece Bulgaria Estrimón (Spanish), Karasu (Turkish), Strimónas - Στρυμώνας (Greek), Strouma (French, variant in English), Struma - Струма (Bulgarian, Serbian), Struma (Czech), Strymon (ancient Greek, Latin, variant in English), Sztruma (Hungarian)
Suir Republic of Ireland Siúr or Abhainn na Siúire (Irish), Suirus (Latin)
Sukhona Russia Soukhona (French), Suchona (Latin, German, Italian), Suhona (Finnish), Sújona (Spanish), Sukhona - Су́хона (Russian)
Sulak Russia Ġoy-su - ГIой-хи (Chechen), Kʼas - Кьас (Dargin), Qoj su - Къой су (Kumyk), Sulak - Сулак (Lezgian, Russian), Sulak (Azerbaijani), Sulapi - სულაკი (Georgian), Sulaq - Сула́хъ (Avaric)
Sunzha Russia Sholʒə - Шолжа (Ingush), Sölƶa - Соьлжа (Chechen), Sunja - სუნჯა (Georgian), Sunžæ - Сунжæ (Ossetian), Sunzha - Су́нжа (Russian), Səndž - Сындж (Kabardian)
Sura Russia Săr - Сӑр (Chuvash), Sırı - Сыры (Tatar), Soera (Dutch), Soura (French), Šur - Шур (Mari), Sura - Сура́ (Moksha, Russian), Sura Lej - Сура лей (Erzya)
Svir Russia Süvär (Veps), Svir - Свирь (Russian), Syväri (Finnish, Karelian)
Świna Poland Svina (Czech), Swina (Pomeranian), Świna (Polish), Swine (German)

T

Tiber in Rome
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Taff Wales Taf (Welsh, Breton)
Tagliamento Italy Dülmende (medieval German), Tagliamento (Italian), Tajamento (Venetian), Tiliaventum (Latin), Tiliment or Taiament (Friulian), Tilment (Croatian)
Tagus Portugal Spain Taach (Frisian), Taag (Dutch), Tachas (Lithuanian), Tacho (Aragonese), Tag (Polish), Tage (Old Catalan, French, Occitan), Tago (Italian), Tagos - Ταγος (Ancient Greek), Tagus (Latin), Taho - Тахо (Russian), Tajo (Spanish, Basque, Catalan, German), Teijo (Mirandese), Tejo (Portuguese), Teju (Extremaduran), Texo (Galician),
Tana Norway Finland Deatnu (Northern Sami), Tana or Tanaelva (Norwegian), Tana älv (Swedish), Tana - Тана (Russian), Teno or Tenojoki (Finnish)
Tara Montenegro Autarius, Tarus (Greek, Latin), Tara (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian)
Tarn France Tarn (French, Occitan), Tarnis (Latin)
Tay Scotland Tatha (Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Irish), Tava or Taus (Latin), Tay (Scots, Welsh)
Terek Russia Georgia (country) Tergi - თერგი (Georgian), Terek - Терек (Avar, Azerbaijani, Lezgian, Russian), Terk - Терк (Karachay-Balkar, Ossetian), Terka - Теркa (Chechen)
Thames England Riviéthe dé Londres (Norman), Tafwys (Welsh), Tamais (Irish), Tamesa (Latin variant), Tàmesi (Catalan), Tamesis (Latin), Tàmesis - Ταμεσης (Greek), Támesis (Spanish), Tamigi (Italian), Tamisa (Portuguese, Romanian), Tamise (French), Tamiza (Polish), Tavoez (Breton), Teems (Afrikaans, Western Frisian), Temes (Old English), Temese (middle English), Temza (Croatian, Latvian, Slovene), Temza - Темза (Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian), Temze (Hungarian), Temže (Czech), Thaimish (Manx), Theems (Dutch), Thems (Low German, West Flemish), Themse (German), Themsen (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish)
Thaya Austria Czech Republic Dyja (Polish), Dyje (Czech, Slovak), Thaya (German, French, Hungarian, Italian)
Thielle Switzerland Thièle or Thielle (French), Zihl (German)
Thyamis Greece Glykys - Γλυκύς (alternative Greek name), Kalamai (Albanian), Kalamas - Καλαμάς (alternative Greek, German), Thiamis (French), Thyamis - Θύαμις (Greek), Tíamis (Spanish), Tijamis (Serbian)
Tiber Italy Albula and Rumon (former Latin names), Téivie (Ligurian), Tever (Lombard), Tevere (Italian, Corsican, Hungarian, Maltese), Tèviri (Sicilian), Tibar (Friulian, Serbian), Tiber (Latin, Afrikaans, Dutch, German, Spanish, Turkish), Tíber (Catalan), Tibera (Czech, Slovene), Tiberen (Danish), Tiberis - Τιβερης (Greek), Tibern (Swedish), Tibir (Irish), Tibr - Тибр (Russian), Tibr - Тібр (Ukrainian), Tibra (Latvian), Tibre (French, Portuguese), Tibru (Romanian), Tyber (Polish), Tyberis (Latin variant)
Ticino Italy Switzerland Tesin (Piedmontese, alternative Lombard), Tesino (Spanish), Tessin (Alemannish, French, German), Ticino (Italian, Romansh), Ticinus (Latin), Tisin (Lombard, Venetian), Tzich or Tisen (Ticino dialect of Lombard)
Timiș Serbia Romania Tamiš - Тамиш (Serbian), Temes (Hungarian), Temeš (Czech), Temesch (German), Temesz (Polish), Teyss (archaic English) Thibisis / Thympiscos - Θίβισις / Θυμπισκος (Ancient Greek), Tibiscus / Tibisis (Latin), Timiș (Romanian),
Tisza Serbia Hungary Slovakia UkraineRomania Cisa (Polish), Pathissos - Πάθισσος (ancient Greek), Theiß (German), Theiss (older English texts), Tibisco (Italian), Tibisque (older French texts), Tisa (Croatian, Czech, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Turkish), Tisa - Тиса (Serbian, Russian), Tisia, Tissus or Pathissus (Latin), Tisza (Hungarian, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish), Tysa - Тиса (Ukrainian)
Torne Sweden Finland Duortneseatnu (Northern Sami), Torne älv (Swedish), Tornionjoki (Finnish), Tornionväylä (Meänkieli)
Trent England Trisantona (Latin), Terentus or Trehenta (Neolatin)
Trieux France Titus or Tetus (Latin), Trev or Treñv (Breton, Gallo), Trieux (French)
Tuloma Russia Finland Doallánjohka (Northern Sami), Tuållâmjokk (Skolt Sami), Tuloma (Norwegian), Tuloma - Тулома (Russian), Tuulomajoki (Finnish)
Tundzha Turkey Bulgaria Taenarus / Tonzus (Latin), Tonzos - Τόνζος (Greek), Toundja (French), Tunca (Turkish), Tundja (Romanian), Tundscha (German), Tundzha / Tundža - Тунджа (Bulgarian)
Tweed England Scotland Thuaid (Irish), Tuaidh (Scottish Gaelic), Tueda (Latin), Tweed (Welsh), Tweid (Scots)

U

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Ufa Russia Ӗphü - Ӗпхӳ (Chuvash), Oefa (Dutch), Oufa (French), Karaidel - Караидел (Tatar), Karaizel (Turkish), Qaridhel - Ҡариҙел (Bashkir), Šem Viče - Шем Виче (Mari), Ufa (German, Italian, Spanish), Ufa - Уфа (Russian)
Ume Sweden Ubmejeiednuo (Ume Sami), Ume älv or Umeälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Uumajanjoki (Finnish)
Ural Russia Âjyǩ - Яйыҡ (Bashkir), Daïkos - Δάϊκος (Ancient Greek), Ğaek - Җаек (Tatar), Jayıq - Жайық (Kazakh), Jayıq (Kara-Kalpak), Oeral (Dutch), Oural (French), Ouralis - Ουράλης (modern Greek), Rhymnus or Iaick (Latin), an Úrail (Irish), Ural (Czech, German, Italian, Spanish), Ural - Урал (Russian), Wral (Welsh), Yaik - Яик (former Russian),
Usa Russia Oussa (French), Usa - Уса́ (Russian), Ussa (German), Usva - Усва (Komi)
Usk Wales Isca (Latin), Wysg (Welsh, Breton)
Uzh Slovakia Ukraine Uh (Slovak), Uh - Уг (Ruthenian), Ung (Hungarian), Uzh - Уж (Russian, Ukrainian), Uż (Polish)

V

Volga at Yaroslavl
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Váh Slovakia Cusus (Latin variant), Vág (Hungarian), Vaghus (Latin), Vah - Ваг (Ukrainian), Váh (Slovak, Czech, Romanian), Waag (German), Wag (Polish)
Vardar Greece North Macedonia Axiós - Αξιος (Greek), Axius (Latin), Vardar (Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian, Romanian, Turkish), Vardar or Wardar (German), Vardari (Albanian), Wardar (Polish)
Vechte Netherlands Germany (Oeriselske) Fecht (Western Frisian), (Overijsselse) Vecht (Dutch), Vechte (German, Low Saxon)
Vefsna Norway Vaapstenjeanoe (Southern Sami), Vapstälven (Swedish), Vefsna (Norwegian),
Venta Latvia Lithuania Vǟnta (Livonian), Venta (Latvian, Lithuanian), Venta - Вента (Russian), Vėnta (Samogitian), Windau (German), Windawa (Polish)
Vetluga Russia Vetlouga (French), Vetluga - Ветлу́га (Russian), Vütla - Вӱтла (Eastern Mari), Və̈tlä - Вӹтлӓ (Western Mari), Wetluga (German), Wietługa (Polish)
Vienne France Viena (Catalan), Vienne (French), Vigenna or Vingenna (Latin), Vinhana or Viena (Occitan)
Vilaine France Gwilen or Gwilun (Breton, Welsh), Vicinonia, Vicenonia or Visnonia (Latin), Vilaèyn (Gallo), Vilaine (French)
Vindel Sweden Vidduolienuo (Ume Sami), Vindelälven (Swedish, Norwegian),
Vistula Poland Vaysl - װײַסל (Yiddish), Veiksel (Finnish), an Viostúile (Irish), Visla (Czech, Latvian, Slovak, Slovene), Visla - Вісла (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Visla - Висла (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Vistola (Italian), Vistül (Turkish), Vistula (Latin, Romanian, Swedish variant), Vístula (Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish), Vistule (French), Visztula (Hungarian), Vysla (Lithuanian), Weichsel (German, Swedish variant), Wießel (Low German), Wijsel or Wijssel (Dutch), Wisła (Polish, Swedish variant), Wisła or Visla (Estonian)
Vltava Czech Republic Fuldaha (medieval Latin (872 AD)), Moldau (Dutch, German, Swedish), Moldva (Hungarian), Moldava (Italian, Spanish), Moldawa (Silesian), Multavia, Moldava or Multa (Latin), Vltava (Czech, Finnish, French, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Swedish), Vltava - Влтава (Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian), Wełtawa (Polish), Wlitaua (Old Czech), Wołtawa (Sorbian), Wultha (medieval Latin (1125 AD))
Volga Russia Atăl - Атӑл (Chuvash), Edil (Kazakh), İdel - Идел (Tatar), Idhel (Bashkir), İdil (Turkish), Indɨl (Adyghe), Ijil mörön (Oirat), İtil (Karachay-Balkar), Izhil - Ижил (Mongolian), Jezhel Muren - Эжэл мүрэн (Buryat), Jul - Юл (Mari), Rā (Scythian), Rav - Рав (Erzya, Mordvin), Rava - Рава (Mocksha), Rha (Latin), Vl'ga (Church Slavic), Volg (Veps), Volga (Croatian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Slovene, Swedish, Turkish), Volga - Волга (Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian), Volgan (Swedish variant), Vòlgas - Βολγας (Greek), Volha (Czech), Vollga (Albanian), Wolga (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian, German, Turkmen), Wołga (Polish, Silesian)
Volkhov Russia Olhav (Veps), Olhava (Ingrian), Olhavanjoki (Finnish), Volhova (Latvian), Volhovi jõgi (Estonian), Vóljov (Spanish), Volkhov - Во́лхов (Russian), Wolchow (German), Wołchow (Polish)
Vuoksi Russia Finland Vuoksa (Norwegian), Vuoksa - Вуокса (Russian), Vuoksen (Swedish), Vuoksi (Finnish, French, German)
Vyatka Russia Noqrat - Нократ (Tatar), Nuhrat Atăl - Нухрат Атӑл (Chuvash), Vatka - Ватка (Mari, Udmurt), Viatca (Latin), Viatka (French, Spanish), Viče - Виче (Mari), Vjatka (Dutch, Italian), Vyatka - Вя́тка (Russian), Wiatka (Polish), Wjatka (German)
Vychegda Russia Ežva - Эжва (Komi), Vychegda - Вычегда (Russian), Vytchegda (French), Wytschegda (German)

W

Warta at Poznań
English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Waal Netherlands Vacalis / Vahalis / Valis (Latin), Valas (Lithuanian), Waal (Dutch, German, Low Saxon, West Frisian), Wahal or Vahal (alternative French), Wål (Walloon), Woal (West Flemish)
Warnow Germany Chalousos - Χαλοῦσος (Ancient Greek)?, Chalusus (Latin)?, Varnava (Czech), Warnow (German, Polish)
Warta Poland Varta (Czech, Latin), Warta (Polish), Warthe (German, Swedish)
Werra Germany Weraha (Neo-Latin), Werra (German)
Weser Germany Vesdre (French), Vezera (Czech), Vēzere (Latvian), Vėzeris (Lithuanian), Visurgis (Latin), Weeser (Northern Frisian), Werser (Low German), Weser (German, Danish, Western Frisian), Wezer (Dutch), Wezera (Polish)
Wieprz Poland Vepr - Вепр (Ukrainian, Taraškievica Belarusian), Vepsh (Belarusian, Russian), Vepšas (Lithuanian), Wieprz (Polish)
Wisłok Poland Vislok - Віслок (Ukrainian), Vyslokas (Lithuanian), Weisslok or Weisslog (German), Wisłok (Polish)
Wkra Poland Vkra (Lithuanian), Wkra (Polish)
Wupper Germany Wipper (upper part of river), Wippera (Latin), Wupper (German)
Wye Wales England Gwy (Welsh, Breton), Vaga / Waia (Latin)

Y

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Yantra Bulgaria Etar (older Bulgarian), Iantra (Romanian), Iatus (Latin), Jantra (German), Yantra - Я̀нтра (Bulgarian), Oszam (Hungarian),
Ybbs Austria Íbosa (Portuguese), Jivice (Croatian), Ois, Weiße Ois (upper regions), Ybbs (Austro-Bavarian, German)
Yonne France Icaunus (Latin), Yonne (French)
Yser Belgium France IJzer (Dutch), Isera (Latin), Izer (Walloon), Yser (French), Yzer (West Flemish)
Yug Russia Ioug (French), Jug (German, Italian), Yug - Юг (Komi, Russian)

Z

English Name Countries Other name(s) or older name(s)
Zeta Montenegro Zenta (Greek), Senta (Latin) Zeta (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Albanian)
Zbruch Ukraine Sbrutch (German), Zbroutch (French), Zbruč (Czech, Italian), Zbruch - Збруч (Ukrainian), Zbrucz (Polish)
Zenne Belgium Sainna (Latin), Senne (French, German), Sena (Lithuanian), Zenne (Dutch)
Zêzere Portugal Zêzere (Portugues), Zézere (Galician, Mirandese)
Zrmanja Croatia Tedanius (Latin), Zermagna (Italian), Zrmanja (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian)
Zwarte Water Netherlands Swarte Wetter (Western Frisian), Zwarte Water (Dutch), Zwärte Wäter (Low Saxon)

See also

References

  1. ^ Berounka nebo Mze?(in Czech)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i J. G. Th. Graesse Orbis Latinus, 1909
  3. ^ Jean Marie Cassagne et Mariola Korsak, Origine des noms de villes et villages de la Charente, éditions Bordessoules, 1998, p. 72
  4. ^ Julius Casear, Civil Wars
  5. ^ Ramon Amigó Anglès, L'Albi i els seus noms, 2001 (in Catalan)
  6. ^ Annegret Plontke-Lüning, Acampsis in Brill's New Pauly, 2006
  7. ^ Braund, Inaishvili & Tezgor, The Akampsis - Tchorokhi - Çoruh: A Frontier and a Navigation Road, 2017
  8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition 2:757d
  9. ^ W. Rickmer Rickmers, "Lazistan and Ajaristan", The Geographical Journal 84:6 (December, 1934), p. 466. at JSTOR
  10. ^ Ernest Nègre, Toponymie générale de la France, vol. 1, Librairie Droz, 1990, p. 49.
  11. ^ Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147
  12. ^ a b Braund, D. "Places: 226577 (Danuvius/Istros/Hister (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  13. ^ Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 144.
  14. ^ Dyer, Robert (1974). "Matoas, the Thraco-Phrygian name for the Danube, and the IE root *madų". Glotta. 52 (1/2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 91. JSTOR 40266286.
  15. ^ Pliny the Elder (ca. 178 AD) Naturalis Historia 6.VII
  16. ^ Braund, D. "Places: 825398 (Tanais (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  17. ^ djouiye at Patois Vallée d'Aoste.
  18. ^ Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne, Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, Aosta, Imprimerie Catholique, 1907.
  19. ^ Sivan, H., R. Mathisen (14 May 2018). "Places: 138334 (Duranius (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Woolf, G. "Places: 177508 (Dubis (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  21. ^ Haley, E. "Places: 236455 (Durius (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  22. ^ Pliny the Elder (78 AD) Naturalis Historia 3.147.1
  23. ^ Šašel Kos, M., P. Kos. "Places: 197253 (Dravus (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Wilkes, J. "Places: 481815 (Drilon (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  25. ^ Strabo, ca. 10 AD, Geography 4.1.3
  26. ^ Loseby, S. "Places: 148069 (Druentia (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  27. ^ "Lagan" in Nationalencyklopedin multimedia plus, 2000
  28. ^ Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. Reitzenstein: Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. C.H.Beck, München 2006, ISBN 3-406-55206-4, page 152
  29. ^ Ernst Förstemann: Altdeutsches Namenbuch, Bd. 2: Ortsnamen. Nordhausen 1859. S. 889.
  30. ^ Walter Steinhauser: Der Name der Leitha und die Hunnenschlacht am Nedao. In: Jahrbuch für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich. NF 36, Bd. 2, Wien 1964
  31. ^ L. Toorians (2005), De etymologie van Dorestat, p. 49, Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht 2005, ISBN 90-71108-24-4
  32. ^ "A List of the Latin Names of Places in Great Britain and Ireland". Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
  33. ^ "The River Liffey, its ancient name". Irisharchaeology.ie. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  34. ^ Albrecht Greule: Vor- und frühgermanische Flussnamen am Oberrhein. Ein Beitrag zur Gewässernamengebung des Elsass, der Nordschweiz und Südbadens. Winter, Heidelberg 1973, pp. 129–132.
  35. ^ "Toponomastica: denominazioni ufficiali in lingua friulana". Arlef.it. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  36. ^ Hellquist, Elof (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Stockholm: Gleerups förlag. p. 416.
  37. ^ a b Wahlberg, Mats (2003): Svenskt ortnamnslexikon. Uppsala: Språk- och Folkminnesinst.
  38. ^ Dictionnaire Topographique de la Sarthe, p. 137
  39. ^ a b Fabien Régnier, Jean-Pierre Drouin, Les peuples fondateurs à l'origine de la Gaule, édition Yoran Embanner, 2014, page 818,ISBN 978-2914855945
  40. ^ a b Carsten Peust, How Old Are the River Names of Europe? A Glottochronological Approach, Linguistik Online, 2015
  41. ^ Språktidningen 2008/2: Älvar på samiska]
  42. ^ Explanation at Legia Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, an Iron Age study group named after the river
  43. ^ a b Baltic languages add declensions to and change the spelling of foreign proper nouns to suit grammatical and phonetic requirements and therefore nearly always appear to name rivers differently.
  44. ^ Pomponius Mela, 3,30: De Chorographia 3,30 amnium in alias gentes exeuntium Danuvius et Rhodanus, in Rhenum Moenis et Lupia, in oceanum Amissis, Visurgis et Albis clarissimi
  45. ^ a b Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages (1981, p. 351). Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9789535172611.
  46. ^ Mills, A D (1998). A dictionary of English place-names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-19-280074-4.
  47. ^ Haselgrove, C., J. Kunow. "Places: 109039 (Helinium (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ a b Brian Campbell, Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome, Appendix 2: Navigable Rivers according to Ancient Authors, pp 405-10, UNC Press Books, 2012
  49. ^ Dragoş Moldovanu, Etimologia Hidronimului Moldova, Editura Academiei 1981-82 (in Romanian)
    Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, The A to Z of Moldova, Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 240
  50. ^ Gerros (river) at pleaiades.stoa.org
  51. ^ The only mention appears by Livius, who gave this name to the river formed by the confluence of the Barbana (=Bojana) and Clausula (the arm of the Drin joining Bojana). See, for example, Barbana in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.
  52. ^ Annals of Fulda [1]
  53. ^ Albrecht Greule, Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, page 338
  54. ^ a b Wilkes, J. "Places: 207268 (Margus (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  55. ^ a b Herodotus, The Histories, 4.49
  56. ^ Musalla on the Tabula Peutingeriana
  57. ^ a b Albrecht Greule, Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, page 363
  58. ^ Robert Ferguson, The River-Names of Europe, Williams & Norgate, 1862
  59. ^ Novak, Vilko. 2006. Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, pp. 262, 269.
  60. ^ Wilkes, J. "Places: 207269 (Maris(os) (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  61. ^ Friedrich Umlauft (1886) Geographisches Namenbuch von Österreich-Ungarn: eine Erklärung von Länder-, Völker-, Gau-, Berg-, Fluss- und Ortsnamen. A. Hölder, 1886, p. 53.
  62. ^ In the Treaty of Meerssen (text (p. 3))
  63. ^ Smith, A. H. (1962). The Place-names of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_rivers_with_alternative_names