Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin
Clinical data
Pronunciation/əˌtɔːrvəˈstætən/
Trade namesLipitor, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa600045
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)[2]
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only[3]
  • EU: Rx-only"Lipitor". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</ref>
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability12%
MetabolismLiver (CYP3A4)
Elimination half-life14 hours
ExcretionBile duct
Identifiers
  • (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2-ylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.125.464 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC33H35FN2O5
Molar mass558.650 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CCn2c(c(c(c2c1ccc(F)cc1)c3ccccc3)C(=O)Nc4ccccc4)C(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C33H35FN2O5/c1-21(2)31-30(33(41)35-25-11-7-4-8-12-25)29(22-9-5-3-6-10-22)32(23-13-15-24(34)16-14-23)36(31)18-17-26(37)19-27(38)20-28(39)40/h3-16,21,26-27,37-38H,17-20H2,1-2H3,(H,35,41)(H,39,40)/t26-,27-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:XUKUURHRXDUEBC-KAYWLYCHSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Atorvastatin is a statin medication used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels.[4] For the prevention of cardiovascular disease, statins are a first-line treatment.[4] It is taken by mouth.[4]

Common side effects include joint pain, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and muscle pains.[4] Serious side effects may include rhabdomyolysis, liver problems, and diabetes.[4] Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus.[4] Like all statins, atorvastatin works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme found in the liver that plays a role in producing cholesterol.[4]

Atorvastatin was patented in 1986, and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996.[4][5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] It is available as a generic medication.[4][7] In 2022, it was the most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 109 million prescriptions filled for over 27 million people.[8][9] In Australia, it was one of the top 10 most prescribed medications between 2017 and 2023.[10]

Medical uses

The primary uses of atorvastatin is for the treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease:[11]

Dyslipidemia

Cardiovascular disease

A 2014 meta-analysis showed high-dose statin therapy was significantly superior compared to moderate or low-intensity statin therapy in reducing plaque volume in people with acute coronary syndrome.[26] The SATURN trial, which compared the effects of high-dose atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, also confirmed these findings.[27]

Kidney disease

There is evidence from systematic review and meta-analyses that statins, particularly atorvastatin, reduce both decline in kidney function (eGFR) and the severity of protein excretion in urine,[28][29][30] with higher doses having greater effect.[29][30] Data are conflicting for whether statins reduce risk of kidney failure.[28] Statins, including atorvastatin, before heart surgery do not prevent acute kidney injury.[31]

Prior to contrast medium (CM) administration, pre-treatment with atorvastatin therapy can reduce the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in people with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73m2) who undergo interventional procedures such as cardiac catheterisation, coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).[32][33][34] A meta-analysis of 21 RCTs confirmed that high dose (80 mg) atorvastatin therapy is more effective than regular dose or low dose statin therapy at preventing CI-AKI.[32] Atorvastatin therapy can also help to prevent in-hospital dialysis post CM administration, however there is no evidence that it reduces all-cause mortality associated with CI-AKI.[32][33] Overall, the evidence concludes that statin therapy, irrespective of the dose, is still more effective than no treatment or placebo at reducing the risk of CI-AKI.[32][33][34][35]

Administration

Statins (predominantly simvastatin) have been evaluated in clinical trials in combination with fibrates to manage dyslipidemia in people who also have type 2 diabetes, and a high cardiovascular disease risk; however, there is limited clinical benefit noted for most cardiovascular outcomes.[36][37]

Statins with shorter half-lives are more effective when taken in the evening, so their peak effect occurs when the body’s natural cholesterol production is at its highest. A recent meta-analysis suggested that statins with longer half-lives, including atorvastatin, may also be more effective at lowering LDL cholesterol if taken in the evening.[38] However, the only study included in the meta-analysis of atorvastatin in people with heart disease did not specifically investigate if morning or evening dosing was more effective for reducing LDL cholesterol.[39] The trial did confirm that, irrespective of dosing time, atorvastatin is very effective at reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing HDL cholesterol levels.[39] Hence, atorvastatin should be taken at the same time each day, at a time that is most convenient for the patient, so it does not compromise compliance.

Specific populations

  • Geriatric: Plasma concentrations of atorvastatin in healthy elderly subjects are higher than those in young adults.[3] However, clinical data suggests there is a similar reduction of LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular events at any dose in this population and adults younger than 65 years of age.[40][41][42]
  • Pediatric: Pharmacokinetic data is not available for this population.[3]
  • Gender: Plasma concentrations are generally higher in women than in men, but there is no clinically significant difference in the extent of LDL reduction between men and women.[3]
  • Kidney impairment: Kidney disease has no statistically significant influence on plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and dose adjustment considerations should only be made in context of the patient's overall health.[43][unreliable medical source][44][unreliable medical source]
  • Hemodialysis: Although there has been moderate-to-high quality of evidence to show the lack of clear and significant clinical benefits of statins (including atorvastatin at a dose of 20mg) minimizing non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality in adults on hemodialysis (including those with diabetes and/or pre-existing cardiovascular diseases) despite the clinically relevant reduction in total/LDL cholesterol levels,[45][unreliable medical source][46] there is evidence that people undergoing hemodialysis who received moderate intensity statin therapy had a lower risk of all-cause mortality.[47]
  • However, data (post hoc analysis) on atorvastatin has revealed that it may still be beneficial in reducing combined cardiac events, cardiac and all-cause mortality in those with a higher baseline LDL cholesterol >3.75 mmol/L.[48][unreliable medical source] While the SHARP study suggested that LDL cholesterol-lowering treatments (e.g. statin/ezetimibe combination) are effective in reducing the risks of major atherosclerotic events in people with CKD including those on dialysis, the subgroup analysis of the people undergoing hemodialysis had revealed no significant benefits.[49][unreliable medical source] Whether or not hemodialysis has any impact on the statin levels was not specifically addressed in these major trials.
  • Liver impairment: Increased drug levels can be seen in people with advanced cirrhosis.[3] Despite these concerns, a 2017 systematic review and analysis of available evidence has shown that statins, such as atorvastatin, are relatively safe to use in stable, asymptomatic cirrhosis and may even reduce the risk of liver disease progression and death.[50]

Contraindications

Side effects

Major

  • Type 2 diabetes is observed in a small number of people, and is an uncommon class effect of all statins.[55][56][57] It appears it may be more likely in people who were already at a higher risk of developing diabetes before starting a statin due to multiple risk factors, for example raised fasting glucose levels.[58] However, the benefits of statin therapy in preventing fatal and non-fatal stroke, fatal coronary heart disease, and non-fatal myocardial infarction are significant.[59] For most people the benefits of statin therapy far outweigh the risk of developing diabetes.[60] A 2010 meta-analysis demonstrated that every 255 people treated with a statin for four years produced a reduction of 5.4 major coronary events and induced only one new case of diabetes.[60]
  • In some case and clinical studies mild muscle pain or weakness have been reported (around 3%), compared to a placebo.[61][62] However, this increase was not related to statin therapy in 90% of cases in a large meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.[62] In patients taking higher statin doses, a similarly low increase in muscle pain and weakness was present (5%) with no clear evidence of a dose-response relationship. Duration of treatment with atorvastatin is unlikely to increase the risk of muscle-related side effects as most occur within the first year of treatment, after which the risk is not increased further.[62] The known cardiovascular benefits of atorvastatin over time outweigh the low risk of muscle-related side effects.[63][62]
  • Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis is rare, occurring in less than 0.1% of people who take statins.[64][65][66] Statin induced rhabdomyolysis, as with other statin associated muscle symptoms, occurs most commonly in the first year of treatment but can occur at any time during treatment.[64] Risk factors for statin induced rhabdomyolysis include older age, renal impairment, high dose statins and use of medications that reduce the breakdown of statins (such as CYP3A4 inhibitors) or fibrates.[66]
  • Persistent liver enzyme abnormalities (usually elevated in hepatic transaminases) have been documented.[67] Elevations threefold greater than normal were recorded in 0.5% of people treated with atorvastatin 10 mg-80 mg rather than placebo.[68] Usage instructions in package inserts for this statin define the requirement that hepatic function be assessed with laboratory tests before beginning atorvastatin treatment and repeated periodically as clinically indicated - usually a clinicians' judgement. Package inserts for this statin recommend actions should liver abnormalities be detected. Ultimately, this is the judgment of the prescribing physician.[3]

Common

The following have been shown to occur in 1–10% of people taking atorvastatin in clinical trials:

Other

Increased fasting blood glucose

Atorvastatin has been associated with a small increase in fasting blood glucose levels over a 2-year period, particularly in patients with Type 2 Diabetes, however evidence is conflicting and clinical significance of this increase has not been determined.[69][70][71] Regular blood glucose monitoring may be advised in patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Cognitive

There have been rare reports of reversible memory loss and confusion with all statins, including atorvastatin; however, there has not been enough evidence to associate statin use with cognitive impairment, and the risks for cognition are likely outweighed by the beneficial effects of adherence to statin therapy on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.[72][73][74][75]

Pancreatitis

A 2012 meta-analysis found that statin therapy might reduce the risk of pancreatitis in people with normal or mildly elevated blood triglyceride levels.[76]

Erectile dysfunction

Statins seem to have a positive effect on erectile dysfunction.[77][78]

Interactions

Fibrates are a class of drugs that can be used for severe or refractory mixed hyperlipidaemia in combination with statins or as monotherapy. While studies have suggested that the combined use of statins and the fibrate drug class (such as gemfibrozil, fenofibrate) may increase the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, there is insufficient evidence to firmly establish this association with atorvastatin.[79][80][81][82] [83][84]

Co-administration of atorvastatin with one of CYP3A4 inhibitors such as itraconazole,[85] telithromycin, and voriconazole, may increase serum concentrations of atorvastatin, which may lead to adverse reactions. This is less likely to happen with other CYP3A4 inhibitors such as diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, ketoconazole, clarithromycin, cyclosporine, protease inhibitors, or verapamil,[86] and only rarely with other CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as amiodarone and aprepitant.[54] Often, bosentan, fosphenytoin, and phenytoin, which are CYP3A4 inducers, can decrease the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin. Only rarely, though, barbiturates, carbamazepine, efavirenz, nevirapine, oxcarbazepine, rifampin, and rifamycin,[87] which are also CYP3A4 inducers, can decrease the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin. Oral contraceptives increased AUC values for norethisterone and ethinylestradiol; these increases should be considered when selecting an oral contraceptive for a woman taking atorvastatin.[3]

Antacids can rarely decrease the plasma concentrations of statin medications, but do not affect the LDL-C-lowering efficacy.[88]

Niacin also is proved to increase the risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis.[54]

Some statins may also alter the concentrations of other medications, such as warfarin or digoxin, leading to alterations in effect or a requirement for clinical monitoring.[54] The increase in digoxin levels due to atorvastatin is a 1.2 fold elevation in the area under the curve (AUC), resulting in a minor drug-drug interaction. The American Heart Association states that the combination of digoxin and atorvastatin is reasonable.[89] In contrast to some other statins, atorvastatin does not interact with warfarin concentrations in a clinically meaningful way (similar to pitavastatin).[89]

Vitamin D supplementation lowers atorvastatin and active metabolite concentrations, yet synergistically reduces LDL and total cholesterol concentrations.[90]

Grapefruit juice components are known inhibitors of intestinal CYP3A4. Drinking grapefruit juice with atorvastatin may cause an increase in Cmax and area under the curve (AUC). This finding initially gave rise to concerns of toxicity, and in 2000, it was recommended that people taking atorvastatin should not consume grapefruit juice "in an unsupervised manner."[91] Small studies (using mostly young participants) examining the effects of grapefruit juice consumption on mainly lower doses of atorvastatin have shown that grapefruit juice increases blood levels of atorvastatin, which could increase the risk of adverse effects.[92][93][94] No studies assessing the impact of grapefruit juice consumption have included participants taking the highest dose of atorvastatin (80 mg daily),[92][93][94] which is often prescribed for people with a history of cardiovascular disease (such as heart attack or ischaemic stroke) or in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. People taking atorvastatin should consult with their doctor or pharmacist before consuming grapefruit juice, as the effects of grapefruit juice consumption on atorvastatin will vary according to factors such as the amount and frequency of juice consumption in addition to differences in juice components, quality and method of juice preparation between different batches or brands.[95]

A few cases of myopathy have been reported when atorvastatin is given with colchicine.[3]

Mechanism of action

Main article: Statin

As with other statins, atorvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Unlike most others, however, it is a completely synthetic compound. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate, which is the rate-limiting step in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of the enzyme decreases de novo cholesterol synthesis, increasing expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL receptors) on hepatocytes. This increases LDL uptake by the hepatocytes, decreasing the amount of LDL-cholesterol in the blood. Like other statins, atorvastatin also reduces blood levels of triglycerides and slightly increases levels of HDL-cholesterol.

In people with acute coronary syndrome, high-dose atorvastatin treatment may play a plaque-stabilizing role.[96][97] At high doses, statins have anti-inflammatory effects, incite reduction of the necrotic plaque core, and improve endothelial function, leading to plaque stabilization and, sometimes, plaque regression.[97][96] There is a similar thought process with using high-dose atorvastatin as a form of secondary thrombotic stroke recurrence prevention.[98][65][99]

Pharmacodynamics

The liver is the primary site of action of atorvastatin, as this is the principal site of both cholesterol synthesis and LDL clearance. It is the dosage of atorvastatin, rather than systemic medication concentration, which correlates with extent of LDL-C reduction.[3] In a Cochrane systematic review the dose-related magnitude of atorvastatin on blood lipids was determined. Over the dose range of 10 to 80 mg/day total cholesterol was reduced by 27.0% to 37.9%, LDL cholesterol by 37.1% to 51.7% and triglycerides by 18.0% to 28.3%.[100]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Atorvastatin undergoes rapid absorption when taken orally, with an approximate time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of 1–2 h. The absolute bioavailability of the medication is about 14%, but the systemic availability for HMG-CoA reductase activity is approximately 30%. Atorvastatin undergoes high intestinal clearance and first-pass metabolism, which is the main cause for the low systemic availability. Administration of atorvastatin with food produces a 25% reduction in Cmax (rate of absorption) and a 9% reduction in AUC (extent of absorption), although food does not affect the plasma LDL-C-lowering efficacy of atorvastatin. Evening dose administration is known to reduce the Cmax and AUC by 30% each. However, time of administration does not affect the plasma LDL-C-lowering efficacy of atorvastatin.

Distribution

The mean volume of distribution of atorvastatin is approximately 381 L. It is highly protein bound (≥98%), and studies have shown it is likely secreted in human breastmilk.

Metabolism

Atorvastatin metabolism is primarily through cytochrome P450 3A4 hydroxylation to form active ortho- and parahydroxylated metabolites, as well as various beta-oxidation metabolites. The ortho- and parahydroxylated metabolites are responsible for 70% of systemic HMG-CoA reductase activity. The ortho-hydroxy metabolite undergoes further metabolism via glucuronidation. As a substrate for the CYP3A4 isozyme, it has shown susceptibility to inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A4 to produce increased or decreased plasma concentrations, respectively. This interaction was tested in vitro with concurrent administration of erythromycin, a known CYP3A4 isozyme inhibitor, which resulted in increased plasma concentrations of atorvastatin. It is also an inhibitor of cytochrome 3A4.

Excretion

Atorvastatin is primarily eliminated via hepatic biliary excretion, with less than 2% recovered in the urine. Bile elimination follows hepatic and/or extrahepatic metabolism. There does not appear to be any entero-hepatic recirculation. Atorvastatin has an approximate elimination half-life of 14 hours. Noteworthy, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity appears to have a half-life of 20–30 hours, which is thought to be due to the active metabolites. Atorvastatin is also a substrate of the intestinal P-glycoprotein efflux transporter, which pumps the medication back into the intestinal lumen during medication absorption.[54]

In hepatic insufficiency, plasma concentrations of atorvastatin are significantly affected by concurrent liver disease. People with Child-Pugh Stage A liver disease show a four-fold increase in both Cmax and AUC. People with Child Pugh stage B liver disease show a 16-fold increase in Cmax and an 11-fold increase in AUC.

Geriatric people (>65 years old) exhibit altered pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin compared to young adults, with mean AUC and Cmax values that are 40% and 30% higher, respectively. Additionally, healthy elderly people show a greater pharmacodynamic response to atorvastatin at any dose; therefore, this population may have lower effective doses.[3]

Pharmacogenetics

Several genetic polymorphisms may be linked to an increase in statin-related side effects with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLCO1B1 gene showing a 45 fold higher incidence of statin related myopathy[101] than people without the polymorphism.

There are several studies showing genetic variants and variable response to atorvastatin.[102][103] The polymorphisms that showed genome wide significance in Caucasian population were the SNPs in the apoE region; rs445925,[102] rs7412,[102][103] rs429358[103] and rs4420638[102] which showed variable LDL-c response depending on the genotype when treated with atorvastatin.[102][103] Another genetic variant that showed genome wide significance in Caucasians was the SNP rs10455872 in the LPA gene that lead to higher Lp(a) levels which cause an apparent lower LDL-c response to atorvastatin.[102] These studies were in Caucasian population, more research with a large cohort need to be conducted in different ethnicities to identify more polymorphisms that can affect atorvastatin pharmacokinetics and treatment response.[102]

Chemical synthesis

Atorvastatin synthesis in commercial production (process) chemistry. The key step of establishing this medication's stereocenters, through initial use of an inexpensive natural product (chiral pool approach).
Atorvastatin synthesis during discovery chemistry. The key step of establishing stereocenters, using of a chiral ester auxiliary approach.

The first synthesis of atorvastatin at Parke-Davis that occurred during drug discovery was racemic followed by chiral chromatographic separation of the enantiomers. An early enantioselective route to atorvastatin made use of an ester chiral auxiliary to set the stereochemistry of the first of the two alcohol functional groups via a diastereoselective aldol reaction.[104][105]

Once the compound entered pre-clinical development, process chemistry developed a cost-effective and scalable synthesis.[104] In atorvastatin's case, a key element of the overall synthesis was ensuring stereochemical purity in the final drug substance, and hence establishing the first stereocenter became a key aspect of the overall design. The final commercial production of atorvastatin relied on a chiral pool approach, where the stereochemistry of the first alcohol functional group was carried into the synthesis—through the choice of isoascorbic acid, an inexpensive and easily sourced plant-derived natural product.[104][106]

The atorvastatin calcium complex involves two atorvastatin ions, one calcium ion and three water molecules.[107][better source needed]

History

Bruce Roth, who was hired by Warner-Lambert as a chemist in 1982, had synthesized an "experimental compound" codenamed CI 981 – later called atorvastatin.[108][109] It was first made in August 1985.[104][108][110][111][112] Warner-Lambert management was concerned that atorvastatin was a me-too version of rival Merck & Co.'s orphan drug lovastatin (brand name Mevacor). Mevacor, which was first marketed in 1987, was the industry's first statin and Merck's synthetic version – simvastatin – was in the advanced stages of development.[109] Nevertheless, Bruce Roth and his bosses, Roger Newton and Ronald Cresswell, in 1985, convinced company executives to move the compound into expensive clinical trials. Early results comparing atorvastatin to simvastatin demonstrated that atorvastatin appeared more potent and with fewer side effects.[109]

In 1994, the findings of a Merck-funded study were published in The Lancet concluding the efficacy of statins in lowering cholesterol proving for the first time not only that a "statin reduced 'bad' LDL cholesterol but also that it led to a sharp drop in fatal heart attacks among people with heart disease."[109][113]

In 1996, Warner-Lambert entered into a co-marketing agreement with Pfizer to sell Lipitor, and in 2000, Pfizer acquired Warner-Lambert for $90.2 billion.[114][104][110][111] Lipitor was on the market by 1996.[112][115] By 2003, Lipitor had become the best selling pharmaceutical in the United States.[108] From 1996 to 2012, under the trade name Lipitor, atorvastatin became the world's best-selling medication of all time, with more than $125 billion in sales over approximately 14.5 years.[116] and $13 billion a year at its peak,[117] Lipitor alone "provided up to a quarter of Pfizer Inc.'s annual revenue for years."[116]

Pfizer's patent on atorvastatin expired in November 2011.[118]

Society and culture

Economics

Atorvastatin is relatively inexpensive.[7] Under provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in the United States, health plans may cover the costs of atorvastatin 10 mg and 20 mg for adults aged 40–75 years based on United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations.[119][120][121] Some plans only cover other statins.[122][123]

Brand names

Pack and tablet of atorvastatin (Lipitor) 40mg

Atorvastatin calcium tablets are sold under the brand name Lipitor.[124] Pfizer also packages the medication in combination with other medications, such as atorvastatin/amlodipine.[125]

Pfizer's U.S. patent on Lipitor expired on 30 November 2011.[126] Initially, generic atorvastatin was manufactured only by Watson Pharmaceuticals and India's Ranbaxy Laboratories. Prices for the generic version did not drop to the level of other generics—$10 or less for a month's supply—until other manufacturers began to supply the medication in May 2012.[127]

In other countries, atorvastatin calcium is made in tablet form by generic medication makers under various brand names including Atoris, Atorlip, Atorva, Atorvastatin Teva, Atorvastatina Parke-Davis, Avas, Cardyl, Liprimar, Litorva, Mactor, Orbeos, Prevencor, Sortis, Stator, Tahor, Torid, Torvacard, Torvast, Totalip, Tulip, Xarator, and Zarator.[128][129] Pfizer also makes its own generic version under the name Zarator.[130]

In the US, Lipitor is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.[131][132]

Medication recalls

On 9 November 2012, Indian drugmaker Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. voluntarily recalled 10-, 20- and 40-mg doses of its generic version of atorvastatin in the United States.[133][134][135] The lots of atorvastatin, packaged in bottles of 90 and 500 tablets, were recalled due to possible contamination with very small glass particles similar to the size of a grain of sand (less than 1 mm in size). The FDA received no reports of injury from the contamination.[133] Ranbaxy also issued recalls of bottles of 10-milligram tablets in August 2012 and March 2014, due to concerns that the bottles might contain larger, 20-milligram tablets and thus cause potential dosing errors.[136][137]

References

  1. ^ a b "Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Lipitor- atorvastatin calcium tablet, film coated". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Atorvastatin Calcium Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  5. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 473. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  7. ^ a b Hitchings A, Lonsdale D, Burrage D, Baker E (2014). The Top 100 Drugs e-book: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7020-5515-7. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  8. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  9. ^ "Atorvastatin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Medicines in the health system". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2 July 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  11. ^ "Atorvastatin Calcium". American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  12. ^ a b c McCrindle BW, Ose L, Marais AD (July 2003). "Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". The Journal of Pediatrics. 143 (1): 74–80. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(03)00186-0. PMID 12915827.
  13. ^ Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, et al. (April 2006). "Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial". JAMA. 295 (13): 1556–65. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002. PMID 16533939.
  14. ^ Nawrocki JW, Weiss SR, Davidson MH, Sprecher DL, Schwartz SL, Lupien PJ, et al. (May 1995). "Reduction of LDL cholesterol by 25% to 60% in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia by atorvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 15 (5): 678–82. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.15.5.678. PMID 7749881.
  15. ^ Bakker-Arkema RG, Davidson MH, Goldstein RJ, Davignon J, Isaacsohn JL, Weiss SR, et al. (January 1996). "Efficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia". JAMA. 275 (2): 128–33. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530260042029. PMID 8531308.
  16. ^ Ozaki K, Kubo T, Imaki R, Shinagawa H, Fukaya H, Ohtaki K, et al. (August 2006). "The anti-atherosclerotic effects of lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 13 (4): 216–9. doi:10.5551/jat.13.216. PMID 16908955.
  17. ^ Marais AD, Firth JC, Bateman ME, Byrnes P, Martens C, Mountney J (August 1997). "Atorvastatin: an effective lipid-modifying agent in familial hypercholesterolemia". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 17 (8): 1527–31. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.17.8.1527. PMID 9301631.
  18. ^ Rossi S, ed. (2006). Australian medicines handbook 2006. Adelaide, S. Aust: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9757919-2-9.
  19. ^ Mills EJ, Wu P, Chong G, Ghement I, Singh S, Akl EA, et al. (February 2011). "Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials". QJM. 104 (2): 109–124. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq165. PMID 20934984.
  20. ^ a b LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. (April 2005). "Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (14): 1425–1435. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050461. PMID 15755765.
  21. ^ Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR (June 2003). "Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 326 (7404): 1423–0. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423. PMC 162260. PMID 12829554.
  22. ^ Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Brown BG, Ganz P, Vogel RA, et al. (March 2004). "Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 291 (9): 1071–1080. doi:10.1001/jama.291.9.1071. PMID 14996776.
  23. ^ Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, et al. (2004). "Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 364 (9435): 685–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5. PMID 15325833. S2CID 28885209.
  24. ^ Neil HA, DeMicco DA, Luo D, Betteridge DJ, Colhoun HM, Durrington PN, et al. (November 2006). "Analysis of efficacy and safety in patients aged 65–75 years at randomization: Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS)". Diabetes Care. 29 (11): 2378–84. doi:10.2337/dc06-0872. PMID 17065671.
  25. ^ Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, Sasso CF, Amodio M, Magliano P, et al. (December 2000). "Comparative efficacy study of atorvastatin vs simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and placebo in type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2 (6): 355–62. doi:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2000.00106.x. PMID 11225965. S2CID 27148191.
  26. ^ Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, Ursoniu S, Ray KK, et al. (September 2015). "Impact of statin therapy on coronary plaque composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound studies". BMC Medicine. 13 (1): 229. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0459-4. PMC 4575433. PMID 26385210.
  27. ^ Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Chapman MJ, Erbel RM, Libby P, et al. (December 2011). "Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (22): 2078–87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110874. PMID 22085316.
  28. ^ a b Su X, Zhang L, Lv J, Wang J, Hou W, Xie X, et al. (June 2016). "Effect of Statins on Kidney Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 67 (6): 881–892. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.016. PMID 26905361.
  29. ^ a b Geng Q, Ren J, Song J, Li S, Chen H (August 2014). "Meta-analysis of the effect of statins on renal function". The American Journal of Cardiology. 114 (4): 562–570. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.033. PMID 25001155.
  30. ^ a b Amarenco P, Callahan A, Campese VM, Goldstein LB, Hennerici MG, Messig M, et al. (October 2014). "Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on renal function in subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack in the SPARCL trial". Stroke. 45 (10): 2974–2982. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005832. PMID 25147328. S2CID 6575836.
  31. ^ Xiong B, Nie D, Cao Y, Zou Y, Yao Y, Qian J, et al. (November 2017). "Preoperative Statin Treatment for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials". Heart, Lung & Circulation. 26 (11): 1200–1207. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2016.11.024. PMID 28242291.
  32. ^ a b c d Zhou X, Dai J, Xu X, Wang Z, Xu H, Chen J, et al. (April 2019). "Comparative Efficacy of Statins for Prevention of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis". Angiology. 70 (4): 305–316. doi:10.1177/0003319718801246. PMID 30261736. S2CID 52875826.
  33. ^ a b c Ma WQ, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Han XQ, Zhu Y, Liu NF (June 2018). "Comparative efficacy of pharmacological interventions for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention after coronary angiography: a network meta-analysis from randomized trials" (PDF). International Urology and Nephrology. 50 (6): 1085–1095. doi:10.1007/s11255-018-1814-0. PMID 29404930. S2CID 3295220. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  34. ^ a b Cho A, Lee YK, Sohn SY (March 2020). "Beneficial effect of statin on preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with renal insufficiency: A meta-analysis". Medicine. 99 (10): e19473. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000019473. PMC 7478506. PMID 32150109.
  35. ^ Zhang J, Guo Y, Jin Q, Bian L, Lin P (October 2018). "Meta-analysis of rosuvastatin efficacy in prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 12: 3685–3690. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S178020. PMC 6216974. PMID 30464400.
  36. ^ Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, et al. (November 2005). "Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 366 (9500): 1849–1861. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67667-2. PMID 16310551. S2CID 40744740.
  37. ^ Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR, Leiter LA, Linz P, et al. (April 2010). "Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (17): 1563–1574. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001282. PMC 2879499. PMID 20228404.
  38. ^ Maqsood MH, Messerli FH, Waters D, Skolnick AH, Maron DJ, Bangalore S (October 2022). "Timing of statin dose: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 29 (14): e319–e322. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac085. PMID 35512427.
  39. ^ a b Ozaydin M, Dede O, Dogan A, Aslan SM, Altinbas A, Ozturk M, et al. (January 2006). "Effects of morning versus evening intake of atorvastatin on major cardiac event and restenosis rates in patients undergoing first elective percutaneous coronary intervention". The American Journal of Cardiology. 97 (1): 44–47. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.107. PMID 16377282.
  40. ^ Collier DJ, Poulter NR, Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Wedel H, Buch J, et al. (March 2011). "Impact of atorvastatin among older and younger patients in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Lipid-Lowering Arm". Journal of Hypertension. 29 (3): 592–599. doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328342c8f7. PMID 21297502.
  41. ^ Olsson AG, Schwartz GG, Szarek M, Luo D, Jamieson MJ (March 2007). "Effects of high-dose atorvastatin in patients > or =65 years of age with acute coronary syndrome (from the myocardial ischemia reduction with aggressive cholesterol lowering [MIRACL] study)". The American Journal of Cardiology. 99 (5): 632–635. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.09.111. PMID 17317362.
  42. ^ Wenger NK, Lewis SJ, Herrington DM, Bittner V, Welty FK (July 2007). "Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (1): 1–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00002. PMID 17606955.
  43. ^ Lins RL, Matthys KE, Verpooten GA, Peeters PC, Dratwa M, Stolear JC, et al. (May 2003). "Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its metabolites after single and multiple dosing in hypercholesterolaemic haemodialysis patients". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 18 (5): 967–976. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfg048. PMID 12686673.
  44. ^ Stern RH, Yang BB, Horton M, Moore S, Abel RB, Olson SC (September 1997). "Renal dysfunction does not alter the pharmacokinetics or LDL-cholesterol reduction of atorvastatin". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 37 (9): 816–819. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb05629.x. PMID 9549635. S2CID 752038.
  45. ^ Wanner C, Krane V, März W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, et al. (July 2005). "Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (3): 238–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043545. PMID 16034009.
  46. ^ Fellström BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, et al. (April 2009). "Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (14): 1395–407. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810177. PMID 19332456.
  47. ^ Jung J, Bae GH, Kang M, Kim SW, Lee DH (March 2020). "Statins and All-Cause Mortality in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis". Journal of the American Heart Association. 9 (5): e014840. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.014840. PMC 7335561. PMID 32089045.
  48. ^ März W, Genser B, Drechsler C, Krane V, Grammer TB, Ritz E, et al. (June 2011). "Atorvastatin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on hemodialysis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 6 (6): 1316–25. doi:10.2215/CJN.09121010. PMC 3109927. PMID 21493741.
  49. ^ Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al. (June 2011). "The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 377 (9784): 2181–92. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3. PMC 3145073. PMID 21663949.
  50. ^ Kim RG, Loomba R, Prokop LJ, Singh S (October 2017). "Statin Use and Risk of Cirrhosis and Related Complications in Patients With Chronic Liver Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 15 (10): 1521–1530.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.039. PMC 5605397. PMID 28479502.
  51. ^ Chang JC, Chen YJ, Chen IC, Lin WS, Chen YM, Lin CH (December 2021). "Perinatal Outcomes After Statin Exposure During Pregnancy". JAMA Network Open. 4 (12): e2141321. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.41321. PMC 8719244. PMID 34967881.
  52. ^ "TOXNET". toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  53. ^ Hermann M, Bogsrud MP, Molden E, Asberg A, Mohebi BU, Ose L, et al. (June 2006). "Exposure of atorvastatin is unchanged but lactone and acid metabolites are increased several-fold in patients with atorvastatin-induced myopathy" (PDF). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 79 (6): 532–9. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.02.014. PMID 16765141. S2CID 12838555. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  54. ^ a b c d e Williams D, Feely J (2002). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interactions with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 41 (5): 343–70. doi:10.2165/00003088-200241050-00003. PMID 12036392. S2CID 8759303.
  55. ^ Thakker D, Nair S, Pagada A, Jamdade V, Malik A (October 2016). "Statin use and the risk of developing diabetes: a network meta-analysis". Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 25 (10). Wiley: 1131–1149. doi:10.1002/pds.4020. PMID 27277934. S2CID 22626629.
  56. ^ Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, et al. (February 2010). "Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials". Lancet. 375 (9716). Elsevier BV: 735–742. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61965-6. PMID 20167359. S2CID 11544414.
  57. ^ Shah RV, Goldfine AB (October 2012). "Statins and risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus". Circulation. 126 (18): e282–e284. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122135. PMID 23109518.
  58. ^ Waters DD, Ho JE, DeMicco DA, Breazna A, Arsenault BJ, Wun CC, et al. (April 2011). "Predictors of new-onset diabetes in patients treated with atorvastatin: results from 3 large randomized clinical trials". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 57 (14): 1535–1545. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.047. PMID 21453832. S2CID 64660561.
  59. ^ Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. (April 2003). "Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 361 (9364): 1149–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0. PMID 12686036. S2CID 9409142.
  60. ^ a b Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, et al. (November 2010). "Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials". Lancet. 376 (9753): 1670–1681. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5. PMC 2988224. PMID 21067804.
  61. ^ Reith C, Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Spata E, Davies K, et al. (September 2022). "Effect of statin therapy on muscle symptoms: an individual participant data meta-analysis of large-scale, randomised, double-blind trials". Lancet. 400 (10355): 832–845. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01545-8. PMC 7613583. PMID 36049498.
  62. ^ a b c d LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. (April 2005). "Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (14): 1425–1435. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050461. PMID 15755765.
  63. ^ Macedo AF, Taylor FC, Casas JP, Adler A, Prieto-Merino D, Ebrahim S (March 2014). "Unintended effects of statins from observational studies in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Medicine. 12 (1): 51. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-51. PMC 3998050. PMID 24655568.
  64. ^ a b Armitage J, Bowman L, Wallendszus K, Bulbulia R, Rahimi K, Haynes R, et al. (November 2010). "Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12,064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial". Lancet. 376 (9753): 1658–1669. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60310-8. PMC 2988223. PMID 21067805.
  65. ^ a b Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, et al. (Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators) (August 2006). "High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (6): 549–559. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061894. PMID 16899775.
  66. ^ a b Safitri N, Alaina MF, Pitaloka DA, Abdulah R (8 November 2021). "A Narrative Review of Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: Molecular Mechanism, Risk Factors, and Management". Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety. 13: 211–219. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S333738. PMC 8593596. PMID 34795533.
  67. ^ Kashani A, Phillips CO, Foody JM, Wang Y, Mangalmurti S, Ko DT, et al. (December 2006). "Risks associated with statin therapy: a systematic overview of randomized clinical trials". Circulation. 114 (25): 2788–97. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624890. PMID 17159064.
  68. ^ Newman CB, Palmer G, Silbershatz H, Szarek M (September 2003). "Safety of atorvastatin derived from analysis of 44 completed trials in 9,416 patients". American Journal of Cardiology. 92 (6): 670–6. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00820-8. PMID 12972104.
  69. ^ Sukhija R, Prayaga S, Marashdeh M, Bursac Z, Kakar P, Bansal D, et al. (March 2009). "Effect of statins on fasting plasma glucose in diabetic and nondiabetic patients". Journal of Investigative Medicine. 57 (3): 495–499. doi:10.2310/JIM.0b013e318197ec8b. PMID 19188844. S2CID 2955398.
  70. ^ Cui JY, Zhou RR, Han S, Wang TS, Wang LQ, Xie XH (August 2018). "Statin therapy on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: A network meta-analysis". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 43 (4): 556–570. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12690. PMID 29733433. S2CID 19151464.
  71. ^ Livingstone SJ, Looker HC, Akbar T, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, et al. (February 2016). "Effect of atorvastatin on glycaemia progression in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin in Diabetes Trial (CARDS)". Diabetologia. 59 (2): 299–306. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3802-6. PMC 4705133. PMID 26577796.
  72. ^ Ott BR, Daiello LA, Dahabreh IJ, Springate BA, Bixby K, Murali M, et al. (March 2015). "Do statins impair cognition? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 30 (3): 348–58. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3115-3. PMC 4351273. PMID 25575908.
  73. ^ Chu CS, Tseng PT, Stubbs B, Chen TY, Tang CH, Li DJ, et al. (April 2018). "Use of statins and the risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 5804. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5804C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24248-8. PMC 5895617. PMID 29643479.
  74. ^ Samaras K, Makkar SR, Crawford JD, Kochan NA, Slavin MJ, Wen W, et al. (November 2019). "Effects of Statins on Memory, Cognition, and Brain Volume in the Elderly". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 74 (21): 2554–2568. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.041. PMID 31753200.
  75. ^ "Atorvastatin: A medicine used to lower cholesterol". 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  76. ^ Preiss D, Tikkanen MJ, Welsh P, Ford I, Lovato LC, Elam MB, et al. (August 2012). "Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis" (PDF). JAMA. 308 (8): 804–811. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.8439. PMID 22910758. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  77. ^ Kostis JB, Dobrzynski JM (July 2014). "The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 11 (7): 1626–35. doi:10.1111/jsm.12521. PMID 24684744.
  78. ^ Cui Y, Zong H, Yan H, Zhang Y (June 2014). "The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 11 (6): 1367–75. doi:10.1111/jsm.12497. PMID 24628781.
  79. ^ Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, et al. (December 2004). "Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs". JAMA. 292 (21): 2585–2590. doi:10.1001/jama.292.21.2585. PMID 15572716. S2CID 22429669.
  80. ^ Iliadis EA, Rosenson RS (January 1999). "Long-term safety of pravastatin-gemfibrozil therapy in mixed hyperlipidemia". Clinical Cardiology. 22 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1002/clc.4960220110. PMC 6655916. PMID 9929751.
  81. ^ Shek A, Ferrill MJ (July 2001). "Statin-fibrate combination therapy". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 35 (7–8): 908–917. doi:10.1345/aph.10315. PMID 11485144. S2CID 23785176.
  82. ^ Enger C, Gately R, Ming EE, Niemcryk SJ, Williams L, McAfee AT (December 2010). "Pharmacoepidemiology safety study of fibrate and statin concomitant therapy". The American Journal of Cardiology. 106 (11): 1594–1601. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.07.041. PMID 21094360.
  83. ^ Geng Q, Ren J, Chen H, Lee C, Liang W (March 2013). "Adverse events following statin-fenofibrate therapy versus statin alone: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 40 (3): 219–226. doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12053. PMID 23324122. S2CID 9148062.
  84. ^ Wägner AM, Jorba O, Bonet R, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Pérez A (July 2003). "Efficacy of atorvastatin and gemfibrozil, alone and in low dose combination, in the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 (7): 3212–3217. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030153. PMID 12843167.
  85. ^ Mazzu AL, Lasseter KC, Shamblen EC, Agarwal V, Lettieri J, Sundaresen P (October 2000). "Itraconazole alters the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin to a greater extent than either cerivastatin or pravastatin". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 68 (4): 391–400. doi:10.1067/mcp.2000.110537. PMID 11061579. S2CID 26375921.
  86. ^ Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT (December 2006). "Drug interactions with lipid-lowering drugs: mechanisms and clinical relevance". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 80 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.003. PMID 17178259. S2CID 35917120.
  87. ^ Backman JT, Luurila H, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ (August 2005). "Rifampin markedly decreases and gemfibrozil increases the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and its metabolites". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 78 (2): 154–67. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.04.007. PMID 16084850. S2CID 8715786.
  88. ^ McKenney JM (May 2005). "Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin in treatment of dyslipidemia". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 62 (10): 1033–47. doi:10.1093/ajhp/62.10.1033. PMID 15901588.
  89. ^ a b Wiggins BS, Saseen JJ, Page RL, Reed BN, Sneed K, Kostis JB, et al. (November 2016). "Recommendations for Management of Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions With Statins and Select Agents Used in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 134 (21): e468–e495. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000456. PMID 27754879. S2CID 19169932.
  90. ^ Schwartz JB (February 2009). "Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: a new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 85 (2): 198–203. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.165. PMID 18754003. S2CID 23604512.
  91. ^ Kane GC, Lipsky JJ (September 2000). "Drug-grapefruit juice interactions". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 75 (9): 933–42. doi:10.4065/75.9.933. PMID 10994829.
  92. ^ a b Ando H, Tsuruoka S, Yanagihara H, Sugimoto K, Miyata M, Yamazoe Y, et al. (November 2005). "Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin and atorvastatin". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 60 (5): 494–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02462.x. PMC 1884940. PMID 16236039.
  93. ^ a b Reddy P, Ellington D, Zhu Y, Zdrojewski I, Parent SJ, Harmatz JS, et al. (September 2011). "Serum concentrations and clinical effects of atorvastatin in patients taking grapefruit juice daily". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 72 (3): 434–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03996.x. PMC 3175512. PMID 21501216.
  94. ^ a b Lilja JJ, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ (August 1999). "Grapefruit juice increases serum concentrations of atorvastatin and has no effect on pravastatin". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 66 (2): 118–27. doi:10.1053/cp.1999.v66.100453001. PMID 10460065. S2CID 8103490.
  95. ^ McLachlan A, Ramzan I (1 April 2006). "Meals and medicines". Australian Prescriber. 29 (2): 40–42. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2006.026. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  96. ^ a b Liberale L, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Sahebkar A (May 2020). "Statins reduce vascular inflammation in atherogenesis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 122: 105735. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105735. PMID 32126319. S2CID 212408322.
  97. ^ a b Rosa GM, Carbone F, Parodi A, Massimelli EA, Brunelli C, Mach F, et al. (May 2014). "Update on the efficacy of statin treatment in acute coronary syndromes". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 44 (5): 501–515. doi:10.1111/eci.12255. PMID 24601937. S2CID 28738671.
  98. ^ Furie KL (July 2012). "High-dose statins should only be used in atherosclerotic strokes". Stroke. 43 (7): 1994–1995. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.633339. PMID 22581818.
  99. ^ Gaspardone A, Arca M (1 November 2007). "Atorvastatin: its clinical role in cerebrovascular prevention". Drugs. 67 (1): 55–62. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767001-00006. PMID 17910521. S2CID 195685309.
  100. ^ Adams SP, Tsang M, Wright JM (March 2015). "Atorvastatin for lowering lipids". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD008226. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008226.pub3. PMC 6464917. PMID 25760954.
  101. ^ Canestaro WJ, Austin MA, Thummel KE (November 2014). "Genetic factors affecting statin concentrations and subsequent myopathy: a HuGENet systematic review". Genetics in Medicine. 16 (11): 810–819. doi:10.1038/gim.2014.41. PMC 4676271. PMID 24810685.
  102. ^ a b c d e f g Deshmukh HA, Colhoun HM, Johnson T, McKeigue PM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. (May 2012). "Genome-wide association study of genetic determinants of LDL-c response to atorvastatin therapy: importance of Lp(a)". Journal of Lipid Research. 53 (5): 1000–11. doi:10.1194/jlr.P021113. PMC 3329377. PMID 22368281.
  103. ^ a b c d Thompson JF, Man M, Johnson KJ, Wood LS, Lira ME, Lloyd DB, et al. (2005). "An association study of 43 SNPs in 16 candidate genes with atorvastatin response". Pharmacogenomics Journal. 5 (6): 352–8. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500328. PMID 16103896. S2CID 5928092.
  104. ^ a b c d e Roth BD (2002). "1 the Discovery and Development of Atorvastatin, A Potent Novel Hypolipidemic Agent". The discovery and development of atorvastatin, a potent novel hypolipidemic agent. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 40. Elsevier. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1016/S0079-6468(08)70080-8. ISBN 978-0-444-51054-9. PMID 12516521.
  105. ^ Roth BD, Blankley CJ, Chucholowski AW, Ferguson E, Hoefle ML, Ortwine DF, et al. (1991). "Inhibitors of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. 3. Tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-2H-pyran 2-one Inhibitors of HMG-CoA Reductase. 2. Effects of Introducing Substituents at Positions Three and Four of the Pyrrole Nucleus". J. Med. Chem. 34 (1): 357–366. doi:10.1021/jm00105a056. PMID 1992137.
  106. ^ Li JJ, Johnson DS, Sliskovic DR, Roth BD (2004). "Chapter 9. Atorvastatin Calcium (Lipitor)". Contemporary Drug Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 113–125. ISBN 978-0-471-21480-9.
  107. ^ "Fig. 1. Chemical structure of Atorvastatin Calcium". Researchgate.net. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  108. ^ a b c Simons J (20 January 2003). "The $10 Billion Pill Hold the fries, please. Lipitor, the cholesterol-lowering medication, has become the bestselling pharmaceutical in history. Here's how Pfizer did it". Fortune.
  109. ^ a b c d Andrew J (28 November 2009). "The fall of the world's best-selling drug". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  110. ^ a b US patent 4681893, Roth BD, "Trans-6-[2-(3- or 4-carboxamido-substituted pyrrol-1-yl)alkyl]-4-hydroxypyran-2-one inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis", issued 21 July 1987 
  111. ^ a b Hoefle ML (2000). "The Early History of Parke-Davis and Company" (PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem. 25 (1): 28–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  112. ^ a b Petersen M (8 February 2000). "Pfizer Gets Its Deal to Buy Warner-Lambert for $90.2 Billion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  113. ^ Scandinaviansimvastatinsurvival (November 1994). "Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)". Lancet. 344 (8934): 1383–9. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90566-5. PMID 7968073. S2CID 5965882.
  114. ^ Winslow R (24 January 2000). "The Birth of a Blockbuster: Lipitor's Route out of the Lab". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  115. ^ "Approval Letter" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  116. ^ a b "Lipitor becomes world's top-selling drug". Crain's New York Business via Associated Press. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  117. ^ "The Vindication of Roger Newton". Ann Arbor Observer. April 2020. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  118. ^ "Lipitor loses patent, goes generic". CNN. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  119. ^ "PPACA no cost-share preventive medications" (PDF). Cigna. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  120. ^ "Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Recommendation Statement". American Family Physician. 95 (2). 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  121. ^ "Recommendation: Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Preventive Medication". United States Preventive Services Taskforce. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  122. ^ "SignatureValue Zero Cost Share Preventive Medications PDL" (PDF). Uhc.com. September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  123. ^ "Affordable Care Act Implementation FAQs - Set 12". CMS. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  124. ^ Medical Product Reviews. "Atorvastatin Calcium (Lipitor Tablets) – Uses, Dosage and Side Effects". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  125. ^ News Medical (March 2010). "Lipitor – What is Lipitor?". Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  126. ^ "Pfizer's 180-Day War for Lipitor". PM360. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  127. ^ "Price to UK for 28 tablets from £3.25 (10mg) to £10.00 (80mg)". National Health Service. June 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  128. ^ "Atorvastatin international". Drugs.com. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  129. ^ "Lipitor referral". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  130. ^ Rapley L (31 May 2012). "Atorvastatin sole funding announced". PharmacyToday.co.nz. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  131. ^ "Pfizer Completes Transaction to Combine Its Upjohn Business with Mylan". Pfizer. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2024 – via Business Wire.
  132. ^ "Lipitor". Pfizer. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  133. ^ a b "FDA Statement on Ranbaxy Atorvastatin Recall". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 December 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  134. ^ Loftus P, Weaver C (23 November 2012). "Ranbaxy Recalls Generic Lipitor Doses". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  135. ^ Johnson LA (24 November 2012). "Ranbaxy recalls generic Lipitor doses". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  136. ^ Loftus P (7 March 2014). "Ranbaxy Recalls More Than 64,000 Bottles of Generic Lipitor in U.S.". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  137. ^ Siddiqui Z, Sikka K (8 March 2014). "Indian drugmaker Ranbaxy recalls more than 64,000 bottles of its generic version of Lipitor". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.

Further reading

Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipitor