Francisco Largo Caballero
Prime Minister of Spain
In office 4 September 1936 – 17 May 1937
President	Manuel Azaña
Preceded by	José Giral Pereira
Succeeded by	Juan Negrín López
Minister of War
In office 4 September 1936 – 17 May 1937
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Juan Hernández Saravia
Succeeded by	Indalecio Prieto
President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
In office 12 October 1932 – 1 July 1936
Preceded by	Remigio Cabello
Succeeded by	Ramón González Peña
Minister of Labour and Social Security
In office 14 April 1931 – 12 September 1933
Prime Minister	Manuel Azaña
Preceded by	Gabriel Maura Gamazo
Succeeded by	Carles Pi i Suner
Member of the Congress of Deputies
In office 14 July 1931 – 31 March 1939
Constituency	Madrid
In office 18 May 1918 – 1 June 1919
Constituency	Barcelona
Personal details
Born	(1869-10-15)15 October 1869 Madrid, Kingdom of Spain
Died	23 March 1946(1946-03-23) (aged 76) Paris, France
Political party	PSOE
Signature

Francisco Largo Caballero (15 October 1869 – 23 March 1946) was a Spanish politician and trade unionist who served as the prime minister of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT). Although he entered politics as a moderate leftist, after the 1933 general election in which the conservative CEDA party won the majority, he took a more radical turn and began to advocate for a socialist revolution, materialized with the failed Revolution of 1934 in Asturias.

After the victory of the Popular Front in the 1936 Spanish general election and following the July coup, Caballero served as prime Minister of Spain during the civil war from 4 September 1936 until 17 May 1937. Exiled in France following the republican defeat in 1939, Caballero was imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp after the Nazi invasion of France. He died in Paris in 1939.

Born in Madrid, as a young man he made his living stuccoing walls. He participated in a construction workers strike in 1890 and joined the PSOE in 1894. Upon the death in 1925 of party founder Pablo Iglesias, Largo Caballero became head of the party and of the UGT.^[1]

Moderate in his positions at the beginning of his political life, he advocated maintaining a degree of UGT cooperation with the dictatorial government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, which permitted the union to continue functioning under his military dictatorship (which lasted from 1923 to 1930).^[2] This cooperation was the start of Largo Caballero's political conflict with Indalecio Prieto, who opposed all collaboration with Primo de Rivera.

Largo Caballero was Minister of Labor Relations between 1931 and 1933 in the first governments of the Second Spanish Republic, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and in that of his successor Manuel Azaña.^[3] Caballero attempted to improve the conditions of landless labourers (braceros) in the rural south. On 28 April 1931 he introduced a decree of municipal boundaries to prevent the importation of foreign labour while there remained unemployed workers within the municipality. In May he established mixed juries (jurados mixtos) to arbitrate in agrarian labour disputes, and introduced an eight-hour working day in the countryside. Alongside these, a decree on obligatory cultivation prevented owners from using their land however they wanted.^[4] He enjoyed great popularity among the masses of workers, who saw their own austere existences reflected in his way of life.^[1]

In the elections of 19 November 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won power in Spain. The government nominally led by the centrist Radical Alejandro Lerroux was dependent on CEDA's parliamentary support. Responding to this reversal of fortune, Largo abandoned his moderate positions and became more openly far left. In the January 3, 1934 edition of El Socialista, the PSOE newspaper, he wrote "Harmony? No! Class war! Hatred for the criminal bourgeoise to the death!" A few weeks later, the PSOE compiled a new platform that called for the nationalization of all land, dissolution of all religious orders and the confiscation of their property, and the dissolution of the army, to be replaced by socialist militias.^[5] In early October 1934, after three CEDA ministers entered the government, he was one of the leaders of the failed armed rising of workers (mainly in Asturias) which was forcefully put down by the CEDA-dominated government.^[6]

He defended the pact of alliance with the other workers' political parties and trade unions, such as the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the anarchist trade union, the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Once again, this placed him at odds with Prieto.^[7] He declared, that he, Largo Caballero "shall be the second Lenin", whose aim is the union of Iberian Soviet republics.^{[dead link‍][8]}

After the Popular Front won the elections in February 1936, president Manuel Azaña proposed that Prieto join the government, but Largo blocked these attempts at collaboration between PSOE and the Republican government.^[9] Largo dismissed fears of a military coup, and predicted that, were it to happen, a general strike would defeat it, opening the door to the workers' revolution.

In the event, the coup attempt by the colonial army and the right came on 17 July 1936. While not immediately successful, further actions by rebellious army units sparked the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), in which the republic was ultimately defeated and destroyed.

A few months into the civil war, after the Republican Left Party government of José Giral resigned on 4 September 1936, President Manuel Azaña asked Largo Caballero to form a new government.^[10] There resulted a broader-based Popular Front cabinet.^[11] Largo Cabellero served as Prime Minister^[12] and also took the post of Minister of War.^[13] Besides conducting the war, he also focused on maintaining military discipline and government authority within the Republic.^[14] On 4 November 1936 Largo Caballero persuaded the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT; "National Confederation of Labour") to join the government, with four members assigned to junior ministries including Justice, Health and Trade. The decision was controversial with the CNT members.^[15]

The Barcelona May Days of 3 to 8 May 1937 led to a governmental crisis^[16] that forced Caballero to resign on 17 May 1937. Juan Negrín, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed prime minister in his stead.^[17]

Largo Cabellero's cabinet, formed on 4 September 1936 and reshuffled on 4 November 1936, consisted of:^[18]

Upon the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France. Arrested during the German occupation of France, he spent most of World War II imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, until the liberation of the camps at the end of the war.^[19]

He died in exile in Paris in 1946;^[1] his remains were returned to Madrid in 1978 after Franco's death in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

• Moscow gold
• Marcelino Valentín Gamazo

• Documents on Caballero from "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour", a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British Trades Union Congress held in the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
• Andy Durgan The Rise and Fall of Largo Cabellero, International Socialism, 18 (1983)
• http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=467749
• Newspaper clippings about Francisco Largo Caballero in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW