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Langkat Malay

Langkat Malay
Bahase Melayu Langkat
بهاس ملايو لڠكت
Pronunciation[bahasə mə.la.ju ˈlaŋ.kat]
Native toIndonesia (North Sumatra)
RegionLangkat and Binjai
EthnicityLangkat Malays
Native speakers
(82,304 cited 1981 estimate)[1]
Austronesian
Dialects
  • Stabat
  • Tanjung Pura
Latin (Indonesian alphabet)
Jawi
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
  Regencies and cities in North Sumatra where Langkat Malay is spoken by a significant minority of the population
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Langkat Malay (Langkat Malay: Bahase Melayu Langkat, Jawi: بهاس ملايو لڠكت) is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Malay people living in Langkat Regency in the northernmost part of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Langkat Malay is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken along the eastern coast of Sumatra, including Deli Malay, Serdang Malay, and Tamiang Malay.[2] Several ethnic groups reside in Langkat, including the Malays, Javanese, Banjarese, Batak, and Minangkabau.[3] While the Malays are the indigenous people of Langkat, Javanese has become more widespread due to migration, as Javanese speakers now form the majority of the population.[4] Despite this, Langkat Malay remains widely spoken in Langkat as the lingua franca and a common language for social interaction among residents. It coexists with other migrant languages such as Javanese, Banjar, and Orang Laut. As a result, some Malays can speak Javanese, Banjar, or Orang Laut, while many Javanese, Banjar, and Orang Laut speakers can also speak Langkat Malay.[5]

The Malay people of Langkat use their language in both daily activities and traditional ceremonies. In everyday life, it serves a highly functional role, shaping various aspects of social interaction, including greetings, casual conversations on the street, visiting neighbors, chatting at the mosque before and after prayers, communicating during hunting in the forest, and other communal settings.[6] Compared to its use as a daily communication tool, the use of Langkat Malay in traditional ceremonies exhibits a distinct pattern. This distinct pattern refers to variations that appear different from everyday usage. These variations primarily involve specific word choices or terms that are rarely used in other contexts. Nowadays, under the influence of Indonesian as the national language, many Langkat Malay speakers have begun to code-switch and code-mix between Langkat Malay and Indonesian.[7] The language is currently under threat due to continued migration to Langkat from other parts of Indonesia such as Java, as well as a decline in fluency among Langkat Malays, especially among younger generations, who increasingly prefer to speak Indonesian.[8]

Classification

Langkat Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[9]

Langkat Malay is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken along the eastern coast of North Sumatra, including Asahan Malay, Batubara Malay, Deli Malay, Serdang Malay, and Tamiang Malay.[2] Collectively, these varieties are classified as the East Sumatran Malay group.[10] The differences between these varieties primarily lie in their phonology and lexicon. Despite these differences, they share a high degree of similarity. For instance, it is estimated that 90% of the lexicon in Langkat Malay and Deli Malay overlaps.[11] Langkat Malay is also closely related to Riau Malay, which is spoken in the Riau to the south of North Sumatra.[12]

Geographic distribution and usage

Langkat Malay is mainly spoken in Langkat Regency, located in the northernmost part of North Sumatra, as well as in the city of Binjai.[13] The language is primarily spoken in areas with a significant Malay population, particularly in coastal regions such as Stabat and, most notably, Tanjung Pura, which serves as both the cultural center of the Malay people in Langkat and the royal seat of the Langkat Sultanate.[14][15] In contrast, Batak languages, such as Karo, dominate the interior of the regency.[16][17] Langkat Malay is typically used as a daily communication tool among the Malay community or in informal settings, whereas in formal situations, such as in schools or government institutions, Indonesian is the commonly used language.[1] The use of standard Indonesian, which evolved from Johor-Riau Malay, in schools is believed to have begun around the same time as the establishment of government schools in Langkat Regency during the Dutch East Indies era in the early 20th century, when Johor-Riau Malay served as the lingua franca among native Indonesians.[1] Because Indonesian is the national language, it is common for Langkat Malay speakers, especially younger generations, to code-switch or code-mix between Langkat Malay and Indonesian.[7]

Langkat Malay, as one of the regional languages in Indonesia spoken specifically in North Sumatra, particularly in Langkat, serves as a means of communication, a cultural support, and a symbol of identity for the Langkat Malay community.[16] In the Langkat Malay community, Langkat Malay is used for cultural and traditional purposes, including ceremonies and rituals as well as oral traditions such as local folklores and pantuns, which are traditional Malay poems.[18][19] In these ceremonies, Langkat Malay plays a significant role. Traditional ceremonies include events such as marriage proposals, weddings, baby bathing rituals, housewarming ceremonies, rituals for blessing farmland, welcoming esteemed guests, and the adoption process.[20] In religious ceremonies, unlike in other regions of Indonesia where regional languages play a significant role, Langkat Malay is not particularly prominent. For example, in West Java, sermons can be delivered in Sundanese alongside Arabic. However, this is not the case for Langkat Malay, which is rarely used in religious contexts. In formal religious events, such as mosque sermons, funeral rites, and marriage contracts, Indonesian is typically used alongside Arabic.[21]

Although Malay is the indigenous language of Langkat, it is no longer spoken by the majority of the population. This shift is largely due to migration from other parts of Indonesia, particularly from Central and East Java, as Javanese migrants brought their native language with them.[22] The transmigration program, which relocated people from Java to Sumatra, began during the Dutch colonial era and continued after Indonesia's independence. Today, the Javanese population in Langkat has surpassed the native Malay population, making Javanese the largest ethnic group in the regency.[23] This has posed a threat to the use of Langkat Malay. Additionally, a language shift is occurring within the Langkat Malay community, particularly among younger generations, who increasingly prefer to speak standard Indonesian over Langkat Malay.[8]

Langkat Malay has two known dialects: the Stabat dialect and the Tanjung Pura dialect.[5] The Tanjung Pura dialect is considered the prestige variety, as Tanjung Pura serves as both the cultural center of the Langkat Malay community and the royal capital of the Langkat Sultanate.

Phonology

Langkat Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Langkat Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography, especially the system created by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.

Vowels

Like Indonesian and Standard Malay, Langkat Malay has six vowels. These vowels are /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /u/, and /o/.[24]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Notes:

  • In writing, /e/ and /ə/ are both represented as ⟨e⟩.

Consonants

Langkat Malay has 20 consonants.[25]

Labial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Uvular Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/

Affricate

voiceless p t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s h
voiced
Approximant w l j
Trill ʀ̥

Notes: In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:

  • /ŋ/ is ⟨ng⟩
  • /ɲ/ is ⟨ny⟩
  • /t͡ʃ/ is ⟨c⟩
  • /d͡ʒ/ is ⟨j⟩
  • /ʔ/ is ⟨k⟩
  • /j/ is ⟨y⟩
  • /ʀ̥/ is ⟨r⟩

Diphthongs

Langkat Malay has 10 diphthongs.[26] The following examples illustrate their usage:

  • /ia/: alia 'ginger', derian 'durian'
  • /iu/: tiup 'to blow', piut 'great-great-grandchild'
  • /ee/: peel 'behavior'
  • /ai/: kain 'cloth', dain 'salted fish'
  • /ae/: kaet 'to link', jaet 'to sew'
  • /aa/: saat 'moment', faal 'physiology'
  • /ao/: paot 'to hang', daon 'leaf'
  • /ui/: kuit 'to touch', duit 'money'
  • /ue/: kueh 'cake'
  • /ua/: kuari 'window', lengkuas 'blue ginger'

Grammar

Main article: Malay grammar

Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Langkat Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Langkat Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.

Affixes

The affixes found in Langkat Malay are of four types: prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, and compound affixes.[27] The table below presents a list of some examples of affixes used in Langkat Malay, along with their allomorphs, meanings, and examples:

Type of affixes Affixes Allomorphs Functions and meanings Example of basic word Example of derived word
Prefixes N- m-, n-, ny-, ng- Used to form verbs. It denotes the meaning 'to perform a task with....' when combined with a noun and 'to perform a task' when combined with a verb.[28] sapu 'broom' nyapu 'to sweep'
ber- be-, ber- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'having something' when combined with a noun, 'performing an action' when combined with a verb, and 'totaling ... together' when combined with a numeral.[29] rumah 'house' berumah 'to have a house'
peN- pem-, pen-, peng-, peny-, pe- Used to form nouns. It forms the meaning of 'a person who performs a task' or 'a tool for...' when combined with a noun or a verb.[30] curi 'to steal' penyuri 'stealer'
ter- - Used to form verbs or adjectives. It conveys the meaning of 'doing a task unintentionally or being able to be ...' when combined with a verb and 'most' when combined with an adjective.[31] tinggi 'tall' tetinggi 'tallest'
se- none Used to form numerals or adjectives. It conveys the meaning of 'one' when combined with a numeral and 'expressing similarity' when combined with an adjective.[32] burok 'bad' seburok 'as bad as'
di- none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'performing an action using the object mentioned in the root word' when combined with a noun and 'performing an action as described by the root word' when combined with a verb.[33] lutar 'to throw' dilutar 'to be thrown'
Suffixes -i none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'performing an action using..., giving, or removing what is mentioned in the root word to or from its object' when combined with a noun, 'expressing a repetitive action' when combined with a verb, and 'forming a causative meaning' when combined with an adjective.[34] garam 'salt' garami 'to add salt to something'
-ka none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'an action described by the root word being performed for someone else' when combined with a verb and 'forming a causative meaning' when combined with a verb, adjective or a numeral.[35] tanak 'to cook' tanakka 'to cook something for someone'
-an none Used to form nouns or adjectives. It conveys the meaning of 'that which is ...' when combined with a verb and 'more' when combined with an adjective.[36] panjang 'long' panjangan 'longer'
Circumfixes ke-...-an none Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of 'indicating location' when combined with a noun and 'experiencing or suffering from' or 'indicating excess' when combined with an adjective.[37] sejok 'cold' kesejokan 'coldness'
ber-...-an be-, ber- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'mutual action' or 'an action performed by many subjects at the same time' when combined with a verb and 'many that are ...' when combined with an adjective.[38] taok 'to call' betaokan 'to call one another'
per-...-an pe-, per- Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of 'a place where something is done' when combined with a noun, 'an object related to the action described by the root word' when combined with a verb, and 'having the characteristic described by the root word' when combined with an adjective.[39] cakap 'to talk' pecakapan 'conversation'
peN-...-an pem-, pen-, peng-, peny-, pe- Used to form nouns. It conveys the meaning of 'a method or way' when combined with a noun or a verb.[40] dapat 'to earn' pendapatan 'earnings'
Compound affixes N-...-ka m-, n-, ny-, ng- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'performing an action as described by the root word' when combined with a noun or a verb.[41] laboh 'to fall' ngelabohka 'to make something fall'
N-...-i m-, n-, ny-, ng- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'giving or removing something to or from its object' when combined with a noun, 'performing an action repeatedly, continuously, or involving many doers' when combined with a verb, 'giving something to its object' when combined with an adjective, and 'expressing competition' when combined with a numeral.[42] aer 'water' ngaeri 'to pour water to something'
di-...-ka none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'performing an action as described by the root word' when combined with a verb or an adjective.[43] betol 'straight' dibetolka 'to be straighten'
di-...-kena none Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'performing an action using ...' when combined with a noun and 'performing an action as described by the root word' when combined with a verb.[44] jala 'net' dijalakena 'using a net to perform a task'
ter-...-ka te-, ter- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'an action done unintentionally or something that can be done' when combined with a noun and 'an action that can be done or is unintentionally performed for someone else' when combined with a verb.[45] pikir 'to think' tepikirka 'accidentally or spontaneously thought of'
ter-...-i te-, ter- Used to form verbs. It conveys the meaning of 'something that can be given to or removed from an object' when combined with a noun, 'an action that can be performed or is unintentionally repeated' when combined with a verb, and 'something that can be applied to an object' when combined with an adjective.[46] pukul 'to hit' tepukuli 'to be hit'

Reduplication

In Langkat Malay, as in other Malay varieties, reduplication can also be found. The representation of these reduplicated words can be analyzed from various aspects. Reduplication in Langkat Malay has two forms: base-form reduplication and affixed-form reduplication.[47] Reduplication can also be divided into two types: full reduplication, where the entire word is repeated, and partial reduplication, where only a part of the word is repeated.[47] It has several functions, such as forming nouns, verbs and adjectives. In Langkat Malay, reduplication has several meanings, such as indicating plurality, expressing repeated actions, denoting reciprocal actions, describing a state or characteristic of the root word, and indicating collectivity.[48]

Examples of base-form reduplication are shown below:

  • lumbung 'granary' → lumbung-lumbung 'granaries'
  • lagak 'pretty' → lagak-lagak 'pretty-pretty'
  • kuari 'window' → kuari-kuari 'windows'

Examples of affixed-form reduplication are shown below:

  • lari 'to run' → belari-lari 'to run back and forth'
  • taba 'to laugh' → betaba-taba 'to laugh repeatedly or continuously'
  • ujan 'rain' → berujan-ujan 'to play in the rain continuously'

Nouns

Some characteristics of nouns in Langkat Malay include the ability to take affixes such as peN-, peN-...-an, per-...-an, -an, and ke-...-an. They can also be pluralized through reduplication and, if referring to a person or a proper name, can be replaced with ia ‘he/she’ or orang ‘they’.[49] The characteristics of nouns that can be affixed are shown in the following examples:

  • peN-...-an + jaga 'to guard' → penjagaan 'guarding'
  • minum 'to drink' + -an → minuman 'drinks'
  • ke-...-an + kecit 'small' → kekecitan 'smallness'

Examples of nouns that can be pluralized through reduplication are shown below:

  • seluar 'pants' → seluar-seluar 'multiple pants'
  • buah 'fruits' → buah-buah 'fruits'
  • kating 'basket' → 'kating-kating 'baskets'

In Langkat Malay, ia 'he/she' and orang 'they' are used when a noun refers to a person or proper name.[50] For example:

  • Si Udin so lalu ke pekan 'Si Udin has gone to the market.'
  • Ia so lalu ke pekan 'He/she has gone to the market.'
  • Abang dan kakak mbuat rumah 'Brother and sister are building a house.'
  • Orang yo mbuat rumah 'They are building a house.'

There are four types of nouns in Langkat Malay:

(a) Nouns that can be quantified with buah '(classifier for things)':

  • due buah derian 'two durians'

(b) Nouns that can be quantified with ekor 'tail/(classifier for animals)':

  • tige ekor ikan 'three fishes'

(c) Nouns that can be quantified with orang 'person':

  • lime orang pendudok 'five locals'

(d) Nouns that cannot be quantified:

  • kecerditan 'smartness'

Verbs

Verbs in Langkat Malay can take various affixes, including N-, ber-, ber-...-an, -ka, -i, N-...-ka, N-...-i, ter-...-i, and ter-...-ka. They can also be passivized using the affixes di-, di-...-ka, and di-...-kena.[51] For example:

  • selok 'to wear' + -ka → selokka 'to wear someone'
  • N- + bawa 'to bring' + -ka → mbawaka 'to bring something'
  • ter- + angat 'hot' + -i → terangati 'to get heated by accident'

Verbs in Langkat Malay can be classified into two types: verbs that can be followed by a noun phrase (transitive verbs) and verbs that cannot be followed by a noun phrase (intransitive verbs).[52]

Examples of transitive verbs are shown below:

  • mbeli seleper 'buying sandals'
  • ngelutar mangga 'throwing a mango'
  • nonggak unggas 'catching birds'
  • mbuat kepoh ayam 'building a chicken coop'
  • mbeli seleper akak 'buying sister’s sandals'
  • ngelatahi akar lalang 'removing wild grass roots'

Examples of intransitive verbs are shown below:

  • nari 'dancing'
  • belari 'running'
  • nangis 'crying'

Adjectives

Adjectives in Langkat Malay have several characteristics: they can follow a noun, be preceded by paling ‘most,’ take the suffix -an, and be followed by kali, bena, or botol, all of which mean ‘very' or 'truly'.[53]

Examples of adjectives that can be followed by a noun are shown below:

  • kabar menday 'good news'
  • rumah burok 'bad house'
  • kelamber tuha 'old coconut'

Examples of adjectives that can be preceded by paling are shown below:

  • paling besar 'biggest'
  • paling kecil 'smallest'
  • paling tinggi 'tallest'

Examples of adjectives that can be affixed with -an are shown below:

  • besar + -an → besaran 'bigger'
  • itam + -an → itaman 'blacker'
  • manis + -an → manisan 'sweeter'

Examples of adjectives that can be followed by kali, bena, and botol are shown below:

  • sikit kali 'very little'
  • paet kali 'very bitter'
  • lantam kali 'very arrogant'
  • ajab bena 'very difficult'
  • puteh bena 'very white'
  • besar botol 'truly big'
  • berani botol 'truly brave'
  • pandak botol 'truly short'

Numerals

The characteristics of numerals in Langkat Malay are that they can only be directly followed by a noun or a noun phrase.[53] Numerals in Langkat Malay can be classified into three types: definite numerals, indefinite numerals, and ordinal numerals. Definite numerals specify an exact number. For example:

  • satu 'one'
  • due 'two'
  • tige 'three'
  • empat 'four'

Indefinite numerals indicate an unspecified quantity. For example:

  • semue 'all'
  • sebelah 'half'
  • banyak 'many'
  • sikit 'few'

Ordinal numerals indicate order or ranking. For example:

  • kedue 'second'
  • kelime 'fifth'
  • kelapan 'eighth'
  • kesebelas 'eleventh'

Particles

Particles in Langkat Malay have several characteristics: they cannot take affixes and can appear before or after nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals.[54] Examples of particles that cannot be affixed are shown below:

  • ndak 'no'
  • tengah 'currently'
  • belom 'not yet'
  • so, sudah 'already'
  • te 'not'
  • kat 'to, at'

Examples of particles that can be followed or preceded by other words are shown below:

  • dari pekan → 'from the market'
  • di laot → 'at sea'
  • kat abah → 'to father'
  • ke rumah → 'to home'
  • so lalu → 'already gone'
  • belom tidur → 'not yet asleep'
  • tengah anggat-anggat → 'currently warm'
  • lagak kali → 'very beautiful'
  • ampir seratus → 'almost one hundred'
  • te mati → 'not dead'

Vocabulary

Langkat Malay features a distinctive lexicon, with many words not found in other Malay varieties. Like other Malay dialects, it has absorbed loanwords from foreign languages, particularly Arabic, due to the strong influence of Islam among the Langkat Malay people. One example is abah ‘father,’ borrowed from Arabic abā (أَبَاً).In addition to Arabic, Langkat Malay has also incorporated a significant number of words from standard Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia, which is taught in schools and used in official settings such as government institutions. However, traditional Langkat Malay vocabulary is increasingly under threat as Indonesian equivalents replace native terms. This shift is especially noticeable among younger generations, leading to a gradual decline in familiarity with their linguistic heritage.[55]

Below are examples of commonly used Langkat Malay vocabulary along with their Indonesian and English translations:

Numerals

Number Langkat Malay Indonesian English
1 satu satu one
2 due dua two
3 tige tiga three
4 mpat empat four
5 lime lima five
6 enam enam six
7 tujoh tujuh seven
8 lapan delapan eight
9 sembilan sembilan nine
10 sepuloh sepuluh ten
11 sebelas sebelas eleven
20 due puloh dua puluh twenty
50 lime puloh lima puluh fifty
100 seratus seratus one hundred
500 lima ratus lima ratus five hundred
1000 seribu seribu one thousand
5000 lime ribu lima ribu five thousand
100,000 seratus ribu seratus ribu one hundred thousand
1,000,000 sejuta, satu juta sejuta, satu juta one million

Directions

Langkat Malay Indonesian English
nin, nen ini this
nun, yo itu that
sini sini here
sian situ there (close)
sana sana there (far)
disini, tang sini disini over here
disian, tang sian disitu over there (close)
disana, tang sana disana over there (far)
kiri kiri left
kanan kanan right
atas atas up
bawah bawah down
utare utara north
selatan selatan south
timor timur east
barat barat west

Personal Pronouns

Langkat Malay Indonesian English
aku, amba aku, saya I, me
kelian, kamu engko, ko kamu, engkau you (informal)
ia dia he/she
kami kami we (exclusive)
kite kita we (inclusive)
orang, mereke mereka they/them

Interrogatives Pronouns

Langkat Malay Indonesian English
sape siapa who
maya apa what
ngape kenapa, mengapa why
tang mane, di mane mana, dimana where
bile kapan when
bagaimane gimana, bagaimana how
berape berapa how much
mengkale bila, apabila, kalau if

Nouns

Langkat Malay Indonesian English
aer air water
pokok pohon tree
sungai, sei sungai river
laot laut sea
utan hutan forest
pantai pantai beach
laki pria, laki-laki man
mpuan wanita, perempuan woman
tanah tanah land, ground, soil
gunong gunung mountain
paser pasir sand
rumput rumput grass
jalan jalan road
kude kuda horse
anjing anjing dog
anak, budak anak child, kid
motor mobil car
daon daun leaf
kulit kulit skin
ekor ekor tail
telinge telinga ear
kepale kepala head
leher leher neck
ati hati heart
mulut mulut mouth
idong hidung nose
tingkap jendela window
pintu pintu door

Verbs

Langkat Malay Indonesian English
makan makan eat
minum minum drink
lari lari run
cakap bicara to talk
nesah basuh, cuci wash
kerja kerja to work
bediri berdiri to stand
gambar gambar to draw (a picture)
terbang terbang to fly
keleh lihat, tengok see
dengar dengar listen
bayar bayar pay
bemaen bermain to play
ambel ambil take
beli beli buy
bangket bangun to wake up
tidur tidur to sleep
pegi pergi to go
bagi, kasih beri, kasih to give
buni sembunyi to hide
ndak mau to want

Adjectives

Langkat Malay Indonesian English
meskin miskin poor
kaye kaya rich
mendai bagus, baik good
burok buruk bad
lebar lebar wide
sempit sempit narrow
lagak cantik pretty
sedih sedih sad
besar besar, gede big, large
kecit kecil small
angat panas hot
sejok dingin, sejuk cold
paet pahit bitter
manis manis sweet
masin asin salty
gelap gelap dark
berat berat heavy
kering kering dry
lama lama long (time), old
baru baru new
lapar lapar hungry
aus haus thirsty
pedeh sakit sick
bersih bersih clean
kotor kotor dirty
jelak bosan bored
banyak banyak many
sikit sedikit little

Writing system

Like many other Malayic languages, Langkat Malay was historically written in the Jawi script, also known as Arab-Melayu or Pegon. In the Langkat Sultanate, Jawi, a script derived from Arabic and introduced by Arab traders, was widely used for both daily communication and official affairs. The prominence of Jawi script grew alongside the rapid expansion of the Malay language, which became a lingua franca across the Malay Archipelago during the 15th and 16th centuries. During this period, numerous Islamic sultanates in the Malay Archipelago, including Aceh, Serdang, Langkat, Deli, Tanjung Pura, Siak, Jambi, Riau-Lingga, Palembang, and others, adopted Jawi as the official script of their administrations.[56] Jawi was historically used in Langkat to record traditional literatures, such as religious inscriptions, Islamic manuscripts and other works.[57] However, with the introduction of the Latin script during European colonization, the use of the Jawi script in Langkat and other regions declined significantly, eventually becoming almost nonexistent in daily communication.[58] Today, the use of Jawi in Langkat is highly limited and is mostly preserved in Islamic boarding schools, where students learn Jawi calligraphy for Quranic recitations.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Noor et al. 1985, p. 7.
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Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkat_Malay