Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

LGBTQ rights in the Cook Islands

LGBTQ rights in the Cook Islands
Cook Islands
StatusLegal since 2023
MilitaryNew Zealand's responsibility
Discrimination protectionsProtections in employment; sexual orientation only (see below)
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex couples

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Cook Islands face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents, but these challenges have gradually lessened in recent years. As of 1 June 2023, homosexual acts between men became legal in the Cook Islands after a vote by the Parliament of the Cook Islands.[1] Female homosexual acts have never been illegal.[2] Same-sex marriage is outlawed. Nevertheless, LGBT people do enjoy some limited legal protections, as employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been banned since 2013.

Homosexual relations and transgender people have been part of Cook Islander culture for centuries. Historically, transgender people (nowadays called akava'ine; literally to behave like a woman) were seen as an important part of the family and the local tribe. The arrival of foreign Christian missionaries quickly changed societal acceptance, and the first anti-gay laws in the Cook Islands were enacted thereafter.[3] The only LGBT advocacy group in the Cook Islands is the Te Tiare Association. The group officially launched in June 2008, and encourages debates on the issue and has organised events with the aim of raising awareness of the lives of LGBT people.

History

The Cook Islands, much like the rest of Polynesia, used to be tolerant of same-sex relationships and transgender people before the arrival of Christianity.[4][5]

The colloquial term for men who act like women is laelae. Culturally, laelae are different from gay or transgender people. The term refers to a wide range of people, as it does throughout Polynesia, some of whom may identify as female but are biologically men, as both male and female, or as neither. Laelae engage in women's work, such as cooking, cleaning and sewing, tend to socialise with women and tend to wear female clothing, but have little desire to have sex with other laelae. They typically have sex with heterosexual men, who not consider themselves, nor are they considered by others, to be "homosexual". Nowadays, there exists a relative tolerance and acceptance of laelae in terms of their public behaviour (their cross-dressing and dance performances are regarded with fascination by both men and women), but a near complete avoidance of laelae sexuality as a topic of discussion. Dr. Kalissa Alexeyeff, of the University of Melbourne, states that the introduction of Western understandings of sexuality and gender has resulted in laelae sexuality being taboo. Laelae who are caught engaging in homosexual relations are often beaten up by male family members.[6]

Early on in fieldwork, I commented on the camp demeanour of a prominent Cook Islands performer, who wore loud, brighlty coloured, frilly shirts and whose flamboyant acts resembled those of Elton John or Peter Allen. My female companion replied with some hostility: 'No! He has a son. He's not gay. He's a laelae.' This comment was made despite the fact that the woman worked with the man's current partner and it appeared—to me at least—blatantly obvious that the two were sexually involved. When I asked what the difference was, she said that laelae 'just love the girls' whereas 'gays sleep with men'.

Since the 2000s, the Māori word akava'ine has come to refer to transgender people from the Cook Islands.

Laws regarding same-sex sexual activity

Homosexuality was decriminalised by an act of Parliament on 1 June 2023.[7] Prior to that, male homosexual activity was illegal in the Cook Islands under the Crimes Act 1969. Consensual male sodomy was punishable by up to seven years' imprisonment,[8] while indecency between males was punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. The law was inherited from the former British Empire. Prosecutions were rare, however.[9]

The sections of the Crimes Act 1969 which previously criminalized homosexuality were the following:

Section 154. Indecency between males

(1) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years who, being a male,
(a) Indecently assaults any other male; or
(b) Does any indecent act with or upon any other male; or
(c) Induces or permits any other male to do any indecent act with or upon him
(2) No boy under the age of fifteen years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of this section, unless the other male was under the age of twenty-one years.
(3) It is not defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented.

Section 155. Sodomy

(1) Every one who commits sodomy is liable
(a) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a female, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years;
(b) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a male, and at the time of the act that male is under the age of fifteen years and the offender is of over the age of twenty-one years, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years;
(c) In any other case, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years.
(2) This offence is complete upon penetration.
(3) Where sodomy is committed on any person under the age of fifteen years he shall not be charged with being a party to that offence, but he may be charged with being a party to an offence against section 154 of this Act in say case to which that section is applicable.
(4) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented.

Section 159. Keeping Place of resort for homosexual acts

Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who-
(a) Keeps or manages, or acts or assists in the management of, say premises used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males; or
(b) Being the tenant, lessee, or occupier of any promises, knowingly permits the premises or any part thereof to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males; or
(c) Being the lessor or landlord of any premises, or the agent of the lessor or landlord, lets the premises or any part thereof with the knowledge that the premises are to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males, or that dome part thereof is to be so used, or is wilfully a party to the continued use of the premises or any part thereof as a place of resort for the commission of such acts as aforesaid.

Sections 152 and 153 of the Criminal Code set the age of consent for vaginal intercourse at 16. Lesbian sex is not mentioned at all in local laws, as was the case in the laws of the former British Empire.

Crimes Bill 2017

Announced in August 2017, the draft Crimes Bill 2017 would decriminalise same-sex sexual activity between men.[10][11][12] Public submissions to the parliamentary committee examining the bill began on 9 August.[13][14] Due to the June 2018 general elections, public consultations on the bill were put on hold.[15][16] However, following opposition from churches, a committee reinstated the ban on 5 November 2019 and inserted a clause extending the ban to women.[17] In response, the Democratic Party called for a review, stating that the reinsertion of the clauses "breach[es] the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights ... and the nation's own Constitution".[18] The Cook Islands Tourism Industry Council has expressed concerns the bill could negatively affect the islands' tourism industry.[19]

The bill has received the support of Marie Pa Ariki, an influential tribal chief, who has called the anti-gay law "unfair".[20] Conversely, the Religious Advisory Council has expressed concerns of foreign "pressure" to abandon "Christian principles", which led to calls of irony as Christianity itself is a foreign addition to Cook Islander culture.[21][4][5]

Parliament was set to debate the bill in September 2020,[22] however, media and news came out that several Cook Islands bills had been "deferred" to 2021 within the committee stage - due to COVID-19.[23][24]

In 2022, the debate was again postponed to March 2023.[25]

Crimes (Sexual Offences) Amendment Bill 2023

On 14 April 2023, the Parliament passed the Crimes (Sexual Offences) Amendment Bill 2023 which, among other things, repealed sections 154, 155 and 159 of the Crimes Act 1969. It came into effect on June 1.[26][27][28][29] The bill was passed with a clear majority with 19 MPs favouring the legislation and 4 against it.[30]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Same-sex marriage was outlawed by the Marriage Amendment Act 2000.[31] The law was clarified in 2007 to state that "no person shall be permitted to marry another person who is of the same gender as him or herself,"[32] and to legislatively define the gender of transsexuals. On 28 April 2013, Prime Minister Henry Puna expressed his personal opposition to the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[33][34] The Registrar of the High Court (Retita o te Akavaanga Teitei) has the power to void and dissolve marriages that violate the law.[35]

Civil unions are not recognised either (though both civil marriage and civil unions by same-sex couples are recognised and performed in New Zealand).[36]

Discrimination protections

Discrimination on the basis of "sexual preference" is prohibited in employment, according to Section 55(e) of the Employment Relations Act 2012, which entered into force on 1 July 2013.[37]

Section 10(g) of the Cook Islands Disability Act 2008 prohibits discrimination against disabled persons based on their sexual orientation.[38]

Statistics

2016 data from the United Nations Development Programme estimated that there were between 500 and 800 men who have sex with men and transgender people in the Cook Islands, of whom 40% reported feeling ashamed about their identity and 30% felt low self-esteem.[39] All reported having had sexual intercourse, and 22% reported having had both male and female sexual partners in the last 12 months.

The Cook Islands News reported in late 2019 that a survey from the University of the South Pacific showed that, of 674 Cook Islands college students, 9.1% identified as LGBT, and 22.7% "refused or were unsure about" which categories to put themselves into.[40]

Living conditions

The Cook Islands Christian Church is the largest religion on the islands, with more than half of the population claiming an affiliation to it. The Congregationalist church believes that homosexuality and cross-dressing are signs of immorality and this impacts both public attitudes as well as government policy. The Cook Islands LGBT community feels the need to be discreet and travel advisories also urge visitors to be discreet and not to engage in public displays of affection.[41] The travel website cookislands.org.uk reports that homosexuality is generally accepted and a laissez-faire attitude is taken to tourists, though public displays of affection may offend.[36]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal Yes (Since 2023)
Equal age of consent (16) Yes (Since 2023)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only Yes (Since 2013)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Same-sex marriages No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the military Yes (New Zealand's responsibility)
Right to change legal gender No
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
MSMs allowed to donate blood No

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cook Islands parliament decriminalises homosexuality". RNZ. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  2. ^ "Homosexuality World legal wrap up survey" (PDF). International Lesbian and Gay Association. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  3. ^ "Pathways to Lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual, Transgender (LGBT) Rights in the Cook Islands" (PDF). Pazifik Informationsstelle. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Polynesia's ancient same-sex acceptance". 12 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Understanding the Pacific's alternative genders". Radio New Zealand. 31 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  6. ^ Donnan, Hastings; Magowan, Fiona (2012). Transgressive Sex: Subversion and Control in Erotic Encounters. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0857456373.
  7. ^ "Cook Islands parliament decriminalises homosexuality". RNZ. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Crimes Act 1969". paclii.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  9. ^ Hopgood, Sela Jane (21 August 2017). "Cooks bill puts spotlight on Pacific's anti-gay laws". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  10. ^ Kumar, Rashneel (1 August 2017). "New draft Bill decriminalises homosexuality". Cook Islands News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  11. ^ Power, Shannon (3 August 2017). "The Cook Islands are set to decriminalize homosexuality". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  12. ^ Jackman, Josh (3 August 2017). "This island nation is set to decriminalise homosexuality". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  13. ^ Syme-Buchanan, Florence (10 August 2017). "Crimes Bill goes to committee". Cook Islands News. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  14. ^ "Cooks to begin hearing submissions on Crimes Bill". Radio New Zealand. 10 August 2017. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  15. ^ Election delays two important bills Archived 9 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Cook Islands News, 23 April 2018
  16. ^ Power, Shannon (20 June 2019). "Cook Islands will not ban Rocketman after all". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  17. ^ "Cook Islands retains ban on homosexuality". RNZ. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  18. ^ "Cook Islands' anti-gay' bill needs review". Radio New Zealand. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  19. ^ Kumar, Rashneel (14 December 2019). "'Disappointment': MPs extend same-sex ban". Cook Islands News. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  20. ^ Leblanc, Denis (10 December 2014). "Reine des Îles Cook : Notre loi anti-gay est injuste". 76 Crimes (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  21. ^ Brown, Anneka (6 November 2019). "MPs' consciences v human rights". Cook Islands News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  22. ^ Tanirau, Katrina (8 April 2020). "A moment in TIME, a moment for Pride". Cook Islands News.
  23. ^ Kelleher, Patrick (1 October 2020). "Decriminalisation of gay sex on the Cook Islands stalls yet again in devastating blow to queer community". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  24. ^ Lacanivalu, Losirene (21 October 2020). "Two key bills deferred". Cook Islands News. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  25. ^ Littlewood, Matthew (7 December 2022). "Homosexual Law reform remains in limbo". Cook Islands News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  26. ^ "Crimes (Sexual Offences) Amendment Bill 2023" (PDF). Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  27. ^ "Decriminalising homosexuality: Opposition MPs say new Bill contravenes God's law". Cook Islands News. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  28. ^ "Cook Islands just legalised gay sex". 17 April 2023.
  29. ^ "The Cook Islands have decriminalized homosexuality". 17 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Cook Islands Parliament Decriminalizes Homosexuality". Parliamentarians for Global Action - Mobilizing Legislators as Champions for Human Rights, Democracy and a Sustainable World. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  31. ^ "Marriage Amendment Act 2000". www3.paclii.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  32. ^ "Marriage Amendment Act 2007". www3.paclii.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  33. ^ "Cook Islands PM rules out marriage equality". Radio New Zealand. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  34. ^ Leach, Anna (29 April 2013). "No gay marriage in the Cook Islands, says prime minister". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  35. ^ "Marriage Act 1973". Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  36. ^ a b "Cook Islands Fact file". cookislands.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  37. ^ "Employment Relations Act 2012" (PDF). gopayroll.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  38. ^ "Cook Islands Disability Act 2008". paclii.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  39. ^ "Pacific Multi-Country Mapping And Behavioural Study: HIV and STI Risk Vulnerability Among Key Populations, Cook Islands" (PDF). Pacific Multi-Country Mapping and Behavioural Study. Suva, Fiji. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  40. ^ Kumar, Rashneel (12 November 2019). "Heartfelt plea from first lady". Cook Islands News.
  41. ^ "Information Cook Islands". webcentral.co.ck. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Cook_Islands