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Kerry South (Dáil constituency)

Kerry South
Former Dáil constituency
Outline map
Location of Kerry South within Ireland
Former constituency
Created1937
Abolished2016
Seats3
Local government areaCounty Kerry
Created fromKerry
Replaced byKerry

Kerry South was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, from 1937 to 2016. The constituency elected 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries

The constituency was located in the southern half of County Kerry taking in the Dingle and Iveragh peninsulas, including the towns of Killarney, Dingle, Cahirciveen, Killorglin and Kenmare.[1]

It was established by the Electoral (Revision of Constituencies) Act 1935 when the former Kerry constituency was divided into the constituencies of Kerry North and Kerry South. It was first used at the 1937 general election for the 9th Dáil.

The Electoral (Amendment) Act 2009 defined the constituency as:[1]

"The county of Kerry, except the part thereof which is comprised in the constituency of Kerry North–West Limerick."

It was abolished at the 2016 general election and replaced by the new Kerry constituency.

TDs

Teachtaí Dála (TDs) for Kerry South 1937–2016[2]
Key to parties
Dáil Election Deputy
(Party)
Deputy
(Party)
Deputy
(Party)
9th 1937[3] John Flynn
(FF)
Frederick Crowley
(FF)
Fionán Lynch
(FG)
10th 1938[4]
11th 1943[5] John Healy
(FF)
12th 1944[6]
1944 by-election[7] Donal O'Donoghue
(FF)
1945 by-election[8] Honor Crowley
(FF)
13th 1948[9] John Flynn
(Ind)
Patrick Palmer
(FG)
14th 1951[10]
15th 1954[11] John Flynn
(FF)
16th 1957[12] John Joe Rice
(SF)
17th 1961[13] Timothy O'Connor
(FF)
Patrick Connor
(FG)
18th 1965[14]
1966 by-election[15] John O'Leary
(FF)
19th 1969[16] Michael Begley
(FG)
20th 1973[17]
21st 1977[18]
22nd 1981[19] Michael Moynihan
(Lab)
23rd 1982 (Feb)[20]
24th 1982 (Nov)[21]
25th 1987[22] John O'Donoghue[a]
(FF)
26th 1989[23] Michael Moynihan
(Lab)
27th 1992[24] Breeda Moynihan-Cronin
(Lab)
28th 1997[25] Jackie Healy-Rae
(Ind)
29th 2002[26]
30th 2007[27] Tom Sheahan
(FG)
31st 2011[28] Tom Fleming
(Ind)
Michael Healy-Rae
(Ind)
Brendan Griffin
(FG)
32nd 2016 Constituency abolished. See Kerry

Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election.

  1. ^ O'Donoghue served as Ceann Comhairle in the 30th Dáil from 2007 to 2009.

Elections

2011 general election

2011 general election: Kerry South[28]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fine Gael Brendan Griffin 19.8 8,808 8,943 10,014 10,865 12,636  
Independent Michael Healy-Rae 15.0 6,670 6,789 7,412 9,146 10,129 10,326
Independent Tom Fleming 14.5 6,416 6,548 7,357 8,746 10,389 10,697
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 13.3 5,917 5,960 6,200      
Fine Gael Tom Sheahan 12.8 5,674 5,736 6,577 7,326 8,668 9,409
SKIA Michael Gleeson 11.1 4,939 5,222 6,378 7,037    
Labour Marie Moloney 11.1 4,926 5,132        
Green Oonagh Comerford 0.9 401          
Independent Richard Behal 0.8 348          
Independent Dermot Finn 0.6 281          
Electorate: 59,629   Valid: 44,380   Spoilt: 299 (0.7%)   Quota: 11,096   Turnout: 44,679 (74.9%)  

2007 general election

2007 general election: Kerry South[27]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 23.4 9,128 9,407 9,956      
Fianna Fáil Tom Fleming 17.3 6,740 6,972 7,221 7,278 8,393 8,855
Independent Jackie Healy-Rae 15.4 5,993 6,356 6,828 6,882 8,526 9,315
Fine Gael Tom Sheahan 14.3 5,600 5,819 7,927 7,960 11,010  
Labour Breeda Moynihan-Cronin 13.5 5,263 5,904 6,774 6,827    
Fine Gael Séamus Cosaí FitzGerald 10.7 4,195 4,419        
Sinn Féin Lynn Ní Bhaoigheallain 3.5 1,375          
Green John Hickey 1.9 738          
Electorate: 53,660   Valid: 39,032   Spoilt: 293 (0.8%)   Quota: 9,759   Turnout: 39,325 (73.3%)  

2002 general election

2002 general election: Kerry South[26]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 25.8 9,445            
Fianna Fáil Tom Fleming 18.9 6,912 6,995 7,255 7,407 7,593 8,276 8,381
Independent Jackie Healy-Rae 17.0 6,229 6,455 6,819 6,893 7,147 8,409 8,584
Labour Breeda Moynihan-Cronin 14.5 5,307 5,480 5,946 5,979 6,432 9,442  
Fine Gael Séamus Cosaí FitzGerald 12.4 4,539 4,732 4,791 4,811 6,083    
Fine Gael Sheila Casey 5.3 1,934 2,033 2,216 2,220      
Independent Donal Grady 3.7 1,346 1,449          
Independent Donal Barry 2.5 934            
Electorate: 51,761   Valid: 36,646   Spoilt: 376 (1.0%)   Quota: 9,162   Turnout: 37,022 (61.0%)  

1997 general election

1997 general election: Kerry South[25][29]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Independent Jackie Healy-Rae 20.3 7,220 7,563 8,131 8,318 9,163    
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 20.3 7,204 7,280 7,408 7,487 10,346    
Labour Breeda Moynihan-Cronin 14.1 4,988 5,265 5,550 5,898 6,250 6,706 9,960
Independent Breandan MacGearailt 11.8 4,172 4,265 4,402 4,547 4,686 5,332 5,975
Fianna Fáil Brian O'Leary 11.5 4,079 4,248 4,464 4,493      
Fine Gael Aidan O'Connor 8.6 3,041 3,204 3,353 4,578 4,729 4,904  
Fine Gael Jim Kelly 5.2 1,847 1,928 2,060        
Independent P. J. Cronin 4.4 1,557 1,717          
SKIA Michael Gleeson 3.9 1,388            
Electorate: 48,164   Valid: 35,496   Spoilt: 303 (0.9%)   Quota: 8,875   Turnout: 35,799 (74.3%)  

1992 general election

1992 general election: Kerry South[24][30]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 26.4 8,263          
Labour Breeda Moynihan-Cronin 24.1 7,537 7,613 7,649 7,747 7,843  
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 19.5 6,113 6,407 6,420 6,470 6,535 7,407
Fine Gael Michael Connor-Scarteen 11.4 3,576 3,601 3,617 3,640 3,660 4,030
Fine Gael Paul Coghlan 8.5 2,658 2,668 2,682 2,706 2,715 3,274
Independent P. J. Cronin 7.9 2,481 2,497 2,518 2,549 2,625  
Sinn Féin Dan Daly 1.1 331 333 335 353    
Independent Pól O'Críocháin 0.9 267 270 277      
Independent Liam West 0.4 112 114        
Electorate: 44,591   Valid: 31,338   Spoilt: 486 (1.5%)   Quota: 7,835   Turnout: 31,824 (71.4%)  

1989 general election

1989 general election: Kerry South[23][31][32]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 26.8 8,398        
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 26.7 8,375        
Fine Gael Michael Begley 20.7 6,477 6,503 7,103 7,226 7,412
Labour Michael Moynihan 20.5 6,408 6,468 7,125 7,570 7,929
Progressive Democrats John Kelly 4.7 1,458 1,494      
Independent Barbara Hyland 0.6 202        
Electorate: 43,159   Valid: 31,318   Quota: 7,830   Turnout: 72.6%  

1987 general election

1987 general election: Kerry South[22][33]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 23.6 7,839 7,857 7,929 8,139 8,175 8,669    
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 16.9 5,606 5,613 5,646 5,687 5,733 6,171 9,212  
Fine Gael Michael Begley 15.2 5,036 5,057 5,112 5,157 5,791 6,952 7,849 8,199
Labour Michael Moynihan 13.7 4,559 4,581 4,705 4,971 5,074 6,055 6,580 6,945
Fianna Fáil Breandan Mac Gearailt 13.5 4,481 4,489 4,571 4,637 4,652 4,947    
Progressive Democrats Michael C. Ahern 9.7 3,215 3,233 3,371 3,534 3,654      
Fine Gael Denis Sheahan 2.7 910 914 939 975        
Workers' Party Seán O'Grady 2.2 735 741 898          
Green Marcus Counihan 2.1 708 721            
Independent James Falvey 0.4 122              
Electorate: 42,701   Valid: 33,211   Quota: 8,303   Turnout: 77.8%  

November 1982 general election

November 1982 general election: Kerry South[21][34]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 24.0 7,898 7,900 7,937 8,088 8,143 8,148 8,154 8,303
Labour Michael Moynihan 23.1 7,609 7,620 7,690 8,052 8,247      
Fine Gael Michael Begley 22.8 7,524 7,532 7,556 7,613 8,252      
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 21.9 7,201 7,215 7,232 7,282 7,298 7,300 7,302 7,715
Fine Gael Tom Randles 2.7 890 893 908 927        
Independent Joseph O'Shea 2.6 845 850 874 929 941 951 955  
Workers' Party Seán O'Grady 2.1 679 687 729          
Independent Colm O'Sullivan 0.7 236 238            
Independent Stephen Doyle 0.2 57              
Electorate: 41,941   Valid: 32,939   Quota: 8,235   Turnout: 78.5%  

February 1982 general election

February 1982 general election: Kerry South[20][35]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 23.1 7,510 7,515 7,758 7,764 8,811
Labour Michael Moynihan 21.6 7,038 7,077 7,732 7,877 8,285
Fine Gael Michael Begley 20.8 6,758 6,770 8,292    
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 15.3 4,977 4,999 5,100 5,105 7,094
Fianna Fáil Tom Fitzgerald 10.8 3,523 3,544 3,582 3,585  
Fine Gael Michael Connor Scarteen 7.9 2,584 2,599      
Independent Stephen Doyle 0.4 141        
Electorate: 41,807   Valid: 32,531 (77.8%)   Spoilt: 279 (0.9%)   Quota: 8,133   Turnout: 32,810 (78.5%)  

1981 general election

1981 general election: Kerry South[19][36]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4
Labour Michael Moynihan 24.5 8,221 8,624    
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 22.0 7,383 7,550 7,757 9,036
Fine Gael Michael Begley 18.3 6,144 6,401 7,741 8,195
Fianna Fáil Timothy O'Connor 14.0 4,702 4,888 4,980 6,904
Fianna Fáil John O'Donoghue 11.3 3,780 4,150 4,248  
Fine Gael Patrick O'Connor 5.3 1,763 1,892    
Independent Michael O'Connell 4.8 1,600      
Electorate: 41,807   Valid: 33,593   Quota: 8,399   Turnout: 80.4%  

1977 general election

1977 general election: Kerry South[18][37][38]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 24.5 8,002 8,246  
Fianna Fáil Timothy O'Connor 24.2 7,917 8,072 8,312
Fine Gael Michael Begley 20.4 6,655 6,722 8,818
Labour Michael Moynihan 17.7 5,799 6,174 6,982
Fine Gael Michael Connor-Scarteen 10.0 3,256 3,345  
Sinn Féin The Workers' Party Redmond Sullivan 3.3 1,065    
Electorate: 41,565   Valid: 32,694   Quota: 8,174   Turnout: 78.7%  

1973 general election

1973 general election: Kerry South[17][37][39]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 30.3 8,286      
Fianna Fáil Timothy O'Connor 21.3 5,819 7,021    
Fine Gael Michael Begley 19.7 5,390 5,444 5,610 7,752
Labour Michael Moynihan 13.9 3,806 3,952 4,451 5,087
Fine Gael Daniel Barry 11.1 3,025 3,052 3,145  
Sinn Féin (Official) Patrick O'Callaghan 3.7 1,014 1,035    
Electorate: 36,391   Valid: 27,340   Quota: 6,836   Turnout: 75.1%  

1969 general election

1969 general election: Kerry South[16][37][40]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 30.6 8,656        
Fianna Fáil Timothy O'Connor 22.9 6,490 7,733      
Fine Gael Michael Begley 16.1 4,564 4,621 4,666 5,629 6,713
Fine Gael Patrick Connor 13.8 3,891 4,013 4,151 4,884 5,698
Labour Tadhg O'Sullivan 9.4 2,652 2,795 2,945 3,109  
Fine Gael Daniel Barry 7.2 2,038 2,056 2,065    
Electorate: 36,097   Valid: 28,291   Quota: 7,073   Turnout: 78.4%  

1966 by-election

Following the death of Fianna Fáil TD Honor Crowley, a by-election was held on 7 December 1966. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate John O'Leary.

1966 by-election: Kerry South[15][37][40]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2
Fianna Fáil John O'Leary 45.9 12,499 13,590
Fine Gael Michael Begley 36.3 9,875 12,807
Labour Michael Moynihan 17.8 4,849  
Electorate: 35,832   Valid: 27,223   Quota: 13,612   Turnout: 76.0%  

1965 general election

1965 general election: Kerry South[14][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5
Fianna Fáil Timothy O'Connor 22.5 5,977 6,253 6,842    
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 21.6 5,746 5,887 6,084 6,225 6,341
Fine Gael Patrick Connor 20.7 5,501 5,664 7,365    
Labour Michael Moynihan 17.7 4,712 4,924 5,626 6,210 6,296
Fine Gael Michael Begley 12.2 3,250 3,725      
Independent James Courtney 5.2 1,370        
Electorate: 36,470   Valid: 26,556   Quota: 6,640   Turnout: 72.8%  

1961 general election

1961 general election: Kerry South[13][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 22.3 5,640 5,886 6,537
Fine Gael Patrick Connor 21.3 5,402 6,588  
Fianna Fáil Timothy O'Connor 20.7 5,244 5,446 5,862
Labour Michael Moynihan 14.3 3,630 3,952 5,073
Sinn Féin John Joe Rice 12.8 3,240 3,380  
Fine Gael Michael O'Sullivan 8.5 2,158    
Electorate: 36,781   Valid: 25,314   Quota: 6,329   Turnout: 68.8%  

1957 general election

1957 general election: Kerry South[12][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1
Fine Gael Patrick Palmer 26.6 5,899
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 25.4 5,632
Sinn Féin John Joe Rice 25.1 5,582
Fianna Fáil John Flynn 23.0 5,101
Electorate: 32,279   Valid: 22,214   Quota: 5,554   Turnout: 68.8%  

1954 general election

1954 general election: Kerry South[11][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4
Fine Gael Patrick Palmer 25.6 6,376      
Fianna Fáil John Flynn 23.4 5,834 5,844 6,002 6,429
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 23.0 5,732 5,740 5,946 6,380
Labour Michael Moynihan 10.8 2,690 2,732 3,513 5,025
Clann na Talmhan William Dennehy 9.9 2,461 2,499 3,112  
Clann na Poblachta John O'Leary 7.4 1,853 1,894    
Electorate: 33,411   Valid: 24,946   Quota: 6,237   Turnout: 74.7%  

1951 general election

1951 general election: Kerry South[10][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5
Fine Gael Patrick Palmer 29.5 7,437        
Independent John Flynn 21.2 5,337 5,614 6,023 7,521  
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 18.6 4,679 4,739 4,772 5,236 5,438
Fianna Fáil Patrick J. Lane 16.8 4,232 4,312 4,405 4,555 4,648
Clann na Poblachta John Joe O'Leary 9.3 2,330 2,723 3,579    
Clann na Poblachta Jeremiah O'Riordan 4.7 1,170 1,500      
Electorate: 33,680   Valid: 25,185   Quota: 6,297   Turnout: 74.8%  

1948 general election

1948 general election: Kerry South[9][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fine Gael Patrick Palmer 18.9 4,924 5,400 5,548 5,689 6,059 6,161
Independent John Flynn 15.7 4,107 4,374 4,767 4,920 6,473 6,944
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 15.7 4,091 4,244 4,274 5,973 7,900  
Fianna Fáil John Healy 15.3 3,992 4,033 4,164 4,398    
Clann na Poblachta Pádraig O'Donoghue 12.2 3,179 3,468 4,791 4,935 5,079 5,115
Fianna Fáil Donal O'Donoghue 8.7 2,278 2,357 2,462      
Clann na Poblachta Patrick Jones 8.1 2,121 2,183        
Independent Patrick J. O'Shea 5.5 1,424          
Electorate: 35,580   Valid: 26,116   Quota: 6,530   Turnout: 73.4%  

1945 by-election

Following the death of Fianna Fáil TD Frederick Crowley, a by-election was held on 4 December 1945. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Honor Crowley, widow of the deceased TD.

1945 by-election: Kerry South[8][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1
Fianna Fáil Honor Crowley 56.7 10,483
Clann na Talmhan Edmund Horan 43.3 8,018
Electorate: 36,029   Valid: 18,501   Quota: 9,251   Turnout: 51.4%  

1944 by-election

Following the resignation of Fine Gael TD Fionán Lynch upon his appointment as a judge, a by-election was held on 10 November 1944. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Donal O'Donoghue.

1944 by-election: Kerry South[7][37]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2
Fianna Fáil Donal O'Donoghue 48.6 10,986 11,771
Clann na Talmhan Edmund Horan 30.1 6,795 9,348
Fine Gael Eoin O'Connell 21.3 4,822  
Electorate: 35,940   Valid: 22,603   Quota: 11,302   Turnout: 62.9%  

1944 general election

1944 general election: Kerry South[6][41]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3
Fianna Fáil Frederick Crowley 26.6 6,693    
Fianna Fáil John Healy 25.9 6,526    
Fine Gael Fionán Lynch 24.1 6,057 6,232 6,344
Clann na Talmhan Edmund Horan 23.5 5,908 6,129 6,246
Electorate: 36,504   Valid: 25,184   Quota: 6,297   Turnout: 69.0%  

1943 general election

1943 general election: Kerry South[5][41]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4
Fianna Fáil Frederick Crowley 22.4 5,934 5,994 7,144  
Fianna Fáil John Healy 20.1 5,323 5,604 6,200 6,442
Fine Gael Fionán Lynch 18.0 4,771 5,034 6,418 6,579
Clann na Talmhan Daniel Allman 16.8 4,446 5,366 6,161 6,266
Labour William Myers 16.5 4,384 4,509    
Clann na Talmhan John Duffy 6.3 1,685      
Electorate: 36,504   Valid: 26,543   Quota: 6,636   Turnout: 72.7%  

1938 general election

1938 general election: Kerry South[4][41]
Party Candidate FPv% % Seat Count
Fianna Fáil Frederick Crowley Unopposed N/A 1
Fianna Fáil John Flynn Unopposed N/A 2
Fine Gael Fionán Lynch Unopposed N/A 3
Electorate: 35,027   Valid:   Quota:   Turnout:

1937 general election

1937 general election: Kerry South[3][41]
Party Candidate FPv% Count
1 2 3 4
Fianna Fáil John Flynn 28.3 7,268      
Fianna Fáil Frederick Crowley 26.4 6,772      
Fine Gael Fionán Lynch 18.4 4,741 4,955 5,009 7,252
Independent Patrick O'Shea 13.7 3,532 4,104 4,338 5,394
Fine Gael William O'Sullivan 13.2 3,384 3,441 3,500  
Electorate: 35,390   Valid: 25,697   Quota: 6,425   Turnout: 72.6%  

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Electoral (Amendment) Act 2009: Schedule". Irish Statute Book database. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  2. ^ Walker, Brian M, ed. (1992). Parliamentary election results in Ireland, 1918–92. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 0-901714-96-8. ISSN 0332-0286.
  3. ^ a b "General election 1937: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  4. ^ a b "General election 1938: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  5. ^ a b "General election 1943: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  6. ^ a b "General election 1944: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  7. ^ a b "By-election 1944: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  8. ^ a b "By-election 1945: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  9. ^ a b "General election 1948: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  10. ^ a b "General election 1951: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  11. ^ a b "General election 1954: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  12. ^ a b "General election 1957: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  13. ^ a b "General election 1961: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  14. ^ a b "General election 1965: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  15. ^ a b "By-election 1966: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  16. ^ a b "General election 1969: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  17. ^ a b "General election 1973: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  18. ^ a b "General election 1977: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
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  28. ^ a b "General election 2011: Kerry South". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
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  32. ^ "26th Dáil 1989 general election results" (PDF). Houses of the Oireachtas. January 1990. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  33. ^ "25th Dáil 1987 general election results" (PDF). Houses of the Oireachtas. July 1987. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  34. ^ "24th Dáil November 1982 general election results" (PDF). Houses of the Oireachtas. August 1983. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  35. ^ "23rd Dáil February 1982 general election results" (PDF). Houses of the Oireachtas. August 1982. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
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