Kataoka (written: 片岡) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Azusa Kataoka (born 1988), Japanese voice actress and singer
• Chiezō Kataoka (1903–1983), Japanese actor
• Daisuke Kataoka (片岡 大育, born 1988), Japanese golfer
• Drue Kataoka, Japanese American visual artist
• Hiroji Kataoka (born 1941), Japanese academic
• Kataoka Ainosuke VI (born 1972), Japanese actor and kabuki actor
• Kataoka Nizaemon XII (1882–1946), Japanese kabuki actor
• Kataoka Shichirō (1854–1920), Imperial Japanese Navy officer
• Koji Kataoka (born 1977), Japanese footballer
• Kataoka Naoharu (片岡 直温, 1859–1934), Japanese politician
• Reiko Kataoka (born 1971), Japanese actress
• Satoshi Kataoka (born 1958), Japanese Go player
• Shinwa Kataoka (born 1985), Japanese actor
• Shuji Kataoka (born 1950), Japanese film director and screenwriter
• Tadasu Kataoka (1915–1963), Imperial Japanese Army officer
• Kataoka Tamako, (1905–2008), Japanese Nihonga painter
• Tsurutarō Kataoka (born 1954), Japanese actor
• Yasushi Kataoka (1876–1946), Japanese architect
• Yasuyuki Kataoka (born 1983), Japanese baseball player
• Yoshirō Kataoka (born 1945), Japanese anime producer
• Yōsuke Kataoka (born 1982), Japanese footballer

• Meg Kataoka (片岡 メグ), a character in the Assassination Classroom anime and manga

• Kataoka Station, a railway station in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan
• 10301 Kataoka, a main-belt asteroid