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Kafr Manda

For the Mandaean concept of knowledge, see Manda (Mandaeism).
Kafr Manda
  • כַּפְר מַנְדָא‎
  • كفر مندا
Local council (from 1973)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Kpar Mandaˀ
 • Also spelledKafar Manda (official)
Kfar Manda, Kufur Manda (unofficial)
Kafr Manda is located in Northwest Israel
Kafr Manda
Kafr Manda
Kafr Manda is located in Israel
Kafr Manda
Kafr Manda
Coordinates: 32°49′N 35°16′E / 32.817°N 35.267°E / 32.817; 35.267
Grid position174/246 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Area
 • Total
11,052 dunams (11.052 km2 or 4.267 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
21,473
 • Density1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
Name meaningThe village of Menda[2]

Kafr Manda or Kfar Menda (Arabic: كفر مندا, Hebrew: כַּפְר מַנְדָא) is an Arab town in the Lower Galilee, on the slopes of Mount Atzmon in Israel's Northern District. Kafr Manda is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) northwest of the city of Nazareth. In 2022 its population was 21,473.[1] The inhabitants are predominantly Arab Muslims.[3]

History

Classical antiquity

Kafr Manda is located on an ancient site on a low hill. Ancient relics have been found, including architectural fragments, two fragmentary columns and capitals.[4] Some remains from the Roman and Byzantine era have been found.[5]

Kafr Manda is identified with Kfar Mandi, a Jewish village mentioned in the Talmudic and the Midrash literature.[5][6][7] The Talmud mentions an amora under the name of Issachar of Kfar Mandi who studied Torah in Sepphoris.[6]

Middle Ages

According to the 13th century Muslim scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi, Kafr Manda was:

"A village lying between Tabariyyah and 'Akkah. It is said to be called by the name Madyan (Midian). The tomb of the wife of Moses is seen here. Also, the pit covered by the rock which Moses raised up in order give himself and his wife water to drink. The rock is still shown. At Kafar Mandah may also be seen the tombs of two of Jacob's sons Ashir (Asher) and Nafshali (Naphthali), as is reported."[8]

In 1962, “hundreds of clay jars, some of which were intact” dating to the 14th–15th centuries were found. Other remains from the Mamluk era have also been excavated.[5]

Medieval rabbinic traditions identified Kfar Mandi as the burial site of three Jewish Mishnaic sages: Gamliel II, Issachar of Kfar Mandi and Rabbi Akiba ben Mahalalel.[9][10][11]

Ottoman Empire

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, Kafr Manda appeared in the 1596 tax registers as being in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Tabariyya under the Liwa of Safad. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 93 households and 11 bachelors. Taxes were paid on wheat, barley, olive trees, cotton, soghum, goats and/or beehives, and a press for olives or grapes, a total of 13,028 akçe.[12][13]

In the early 18th century,[14] the village was walled, and defended by several small forts.[15] A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as K. Mendah.[16]

In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Kefr Menda as a Muslim village in the Nazareth district,[17][18] while in 1852, he noted: "Kefr Menda is a considerable village at the foot of the northern hills [...] Among the people of the village are some of the descendants of Dhaher el-'Omar. The great well of the village was said to be fourteen fathoms in depth, besides seven fathoms of water. Around it lay three ancient sarcophagi [used] as drinking-troughs; one of them sculptured on the side with rather elegant festoons. Two lids of sarcophagi were also built into or upon the wall of the reservoir above; and near by was a small ancient basin of variegated limestone."[19] The same year, (1852), the population was given as 200 souls, and the tillage twenty feddans.[20]

In 1875, Victor Guérin found the village to have about 400 inhabitants, all Muslim.[21]

In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Kefr Menda as an "adobe village at the foot of Jebel ed Deibebeh, having a white muqam in it,"[20] while a population list from about 1887 showed that Kefr Menda had about 250 Muslim inhabitants.[22]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Manda had a total population of 428, all Muslim.[23] In the 1931 census the population of Kafr Manda, together with Arab el Hujeirat, was a total of 975, all Muslim, in 187 inhabited houses.[24]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Kafr Manda was 1,260 Muslims,[25] who owned 14,935 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[26] 795 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 7,960 for cereals,[27] while 47 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[28]

Israel

On the crossroads between Acre and Nazareth, Kafr Manda surrendered to the advancing Israeli army during Operation Hiram, 29–31 October 1948. Many of the villagers fled north but some stayed and were not expelled by the Israeli soldiers.[29] The town remained under Martial Law until 1966. It achieved local council status in 1973. Since then, roads have been paved, schools have been built and infrastructures such as sewage, electricity and irrigation systems have been introduced. [citation needed] In 1979, a bomb attack killed four people and injured eleven.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 110
  3. ^ כפר מנדא 2014
  4. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 668
  5. ^ a b c Gur, 2016, Kafr Manda
  6. ^ a b Rozenfeld, Ben Tsiyon (2010). Torah centers and rabbinic activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE : history and geographic distribution. Chava Cassel. Leiden: Brill. p. 153. ISBN 978-90-474-4073-4. OCLC 695990313.
  7. ^ קליאוט, נורית; Kliot, N. (1989). "The Nomenclature of Arab Place Names in Israel / משמעות שמות הישובים הערביים בארץ ישראל והשוואתם לשמות ישובים עבריים". Horizons in Geography / אופקים בגאוגרפיה (30): 71–80. JSTOR 23701620.
  8. ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 470.
  9. ^ Rozenfeld, Ben Tsiyon (2010). Torah centers and rabbinic activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE : history and geographic distribution. Chava Cassel. Leiden: Brill. p. 153. ISBN 978-90-474-4073-4. OCLC 695990313.
  10. ^ Gur, Yuval (2016). "Kafr Manda: Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel / חדשות ארכיאולוגיות: חפירות וסקרים בישראל. 128. ISSN 1565-043X. JSTOR 26679177.
  11. ^ יחוס הצדיקים, 32561, צילום מהדורת מנטובה שכ"א (1561), עמ' 76
  12. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187
  13. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  14. ^ Noted between 1700-1723, see Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 19
  15. ^ Egmont and Heyman, 1759, vol 2, p. 15
  16. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 194
  18. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 132
  19. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp. 109,111
  20. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 274
  21. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 488-489
  22. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 184
  23. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  24. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 74
  25. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  26. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62
  27. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 109
  28. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 159
  29. ^ Morris, Benny (1987) The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947-1949. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33028-9. p.226
  30. ^ "Bomb in Israel Kills 4, Injures 11". The New York Times. 1979-07-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-21.

Bibliography

Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Manda