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Jiroft

For the administrative division, see Jiroft County. For the university, see Jiroft University. For the culture, see Jiroft culture.

Jiroft
Persian: جیرفت
City
Jiroft is located in Iran
Jiroft
Jiroft
Coordinates: 28°40′47″N 57°44′41″E / 28.67972°N 57.74472°E / 28.67972; 57.74472[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceKerman
CountyJiroft
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorHadi Rabbani
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Urban
130,429
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)

Jiroft (Persian: جیرفت; [dʒiːˈɾoft])[a] is a city in the Central District of Jiroft County, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4] It is 230 kilometres (140 mi) south of the city of Kerman, and 1,375 kilometres (854 mi) south of Tehran along Road 91.

In the past it was also called Sabzevaran, and on account of its being very fertile land it is famous as Hend-e-Koochak (the little India). The civilization found in Jiroft is one of the oldest human civilizations (according to some, the oldest) and the manuscripts obtained from this civilization are before the cuneiform discovered in Mesopotamia.[citation needed]

Demographics

Language

The local language of Jiroft is Jirofti, a dialect of Garmsiri, an Iranian language. Garmsiri is a continuum of closely related dialects extending from the Halilrud river valley in the north down to the Strait of Hormuz in the south.[5]

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 95,031 in 19,926 households.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 111,034 people in 25,589 households.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 130,429 people in 39,855 households.[2]

Geography

Jiroft lies in an alluvial plain of the Halil River, on the southern outskirts of the Jebal Barez mountain chain. It sits in a tectonically active basin,[8] at the northern end of the Bandar Abbas-Jiroft fault zone, with both structural and anthropogenic subsidence occurring.[9] Two intermittent streams join the Halil in Jiroft. The mean elevation of the city is about 650 metres (2,130 ft) above sea level. It has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate type: BWh). The weather in the city is sweltering in summer – it is one of the hottest places in Iran – but temperatures are moderate in winter.

There is a large dam (Jiroft Dam) upstream the city (40 km North-East of Jiroft) on the Halil River. It has been operational since 1992, With a reservoir of more than 410 million cubic meters of water it irrigates 14,200 hectares of land downstream and generates electricity.[10] However, uncontrolled groundwater pumping has lowered the water table and caused increased subsidence.[8][9][11]

Archaeology

Jiroft culture

A Jiroft culture has been postulated as an early Bronze Age (third millennium BC) archaeological culture, located in the territory of present-day Sistan and Kermān Provinces of Iran. The hypothesis is based on a collection of artifacts that were confiscated in Iran and accepted by many to have derived from the Jiroft area in south central Iran, reported by online Iranian news services, beginning in 2001.

The proposed type site is Konar Sandal, near Jiroft in the Halil River area. Other significant sites associated with the culture include; Shahr-e Sukhteh (Burnt City), Tepe Bampur, Espiedej, Shahdad, Tal-i-Iblis and Tepe Yahya.

Recent finds

A report from Iran states that the Halil Rud region near "Jiroft became famous between 2002/2003 [when news of] thousands of confiscated burial goods, especially elaborated carved chlorite vessels from the necropolises of Halil Rud" were released to public.[12]

Since February 2003, archaeologists have recovered a wealth of artifacts from the necropolis which they had named Mahtoutabad. For example, one grave contained "animal bones and food offerings, ceramics, and stone and copper items ... [indicating] a coherent cultural and chronological framework, around 2400–2200 BC".[13]

Two nearby mounds were also excavated, named Konar Sandal South and North. A 2013 research paper about the South mound states that work during 2006 to 2009 "revealed the remains of three successive settlements dating to the fourth millennium BC".[14]

Excavation re-commenced in 2014 and revealed art works of "complexity and beauty" and artifacts that proved that the society had several writing systems. According to National Geographic, the content of the mounds is significant:[15]

They turned out to contain the remains of two major architectural complexes. The northern mound included a cult building, while in the southern one were the remains of a fortified citadel. At the foot of the mounds, buried under many feet of sediment, were the remains of smaller buildings. It’s believed that the two mounds had once formed part of a unified urban settlement that stretched many miles across the plateau ... [artifacts] "have been dated to between 2500 and 2200 B.C. [They are said to be evidence of] the "development of a complex civilization".

Transportation

Jiroft is served by Jiroft Airport, located several kilometres to the northwest.[citation needed]

See also

Media related to Jiroft at Wikimedia Commons

flag Iran portal

Notes

  1. ^ Also romanized as Jīroft; formerly, Sabzāwārān, Sabzevārān, Sabzevārān-e Jiroft, and Sabzvārān[3]

References

  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (6 December 2024). "Jiroft, Jiroft County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Kerman Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ Jiroft can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3068011" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2024) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kerman province, centered in the city of Kerman. lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82812/T139K. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024 – via Lam ta Kam.
  5. ^ Habib Borjian, "Kerman xvi. Languages", Encyclopædia Iranica, XVI/3, pp. 301-315, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-16-languages
  6. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Kerman Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  7. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Kerman Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  8. ^ a b Nezhadafzali, Keramat (2024). "Indiscriminate exploitation of the underground water resources of Jiroft Plain and its consequences" (PDF). Sustainable Earth Trends. 4 (2): 66–73. doi:10.48308/set.2024.235203.1045.
  9. ^ a b Naderianfar, Mohammad; Faryabi, Arsalan; Kouhestani, Shapour; Gardini, Maryam Safavi (2021). "Investigating the Groundwater Fluctuations Level in Basin of Halil River, Jiroft". Irrigation and Water Engineering. 11 (4): 141–159. doi:10.22125/iwe.2021.133694.
  10. ^ Abdolreza Bahremand, 1997, MSc thesis, Flood routing through the Jiroft Dam reservoir, Tehran University, Iran.
  11. ^ Mehrabi, Ali; Karimi, Sadegh; Khalesi, Mehran (2023). "Spatial Analysis of Jiroft Plain Subsidence Using the Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT)". Geography and Planning. 34 (1): 99–116. doi:10.22108/gep.2022.133667.1525.
  12. ^ "Jiroft Civilization: Based on the Cuneiform Texts and Archaeological Evidences from Varamin and Konar Sandal". Alzahra. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  13. ^ "A GRAVE OF THE HALIL RUD VALLEY (JIROFT, IRAN, CA. 2400-2200 BC): STRATIGRAPHY, TAPHONOMY, FUNERARY PRACTICES". Research Gate. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  14. ^ "Mahtoutabad I (Konar Sandal south, Jiroft) : preliminary evidence of occupation of a Halil Rud site in the early fourth millennium BC". Research Gate. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  15. ^ "Buried for 4,000 years, this ancient culture could expand the 'Cradle of Civilization'". NGS. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.[dead link‍]


Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft