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Isaak Illich Rubin (Russian: Исаак Ильич Рубин; 12 June 1886 – 27 November 1937) was a Soviet lawyer, Marxian economist and scholar of Marx's work. His most important publication was Essays on Marx's Theory of Value (first edition, 1923). His scholarly works, his textbooks and his popular lectures, e.g. at the Institute of Red Professors, made him an important influence on early Bolshevik Marx interpretation; but he was not himself a Bolshevik and was frequently jailed, then banished to Soviet Central Asia, then executed in 1937 during the Great Purge. Though books had been published about his controversial reading of Marx in the 20s, his work and memory had by then been completely expunged within the Soviet Union. Rubin was unknown in the West until the 1970s, when an English translation of his main work from a rare surviving copy appeared. Since that time he has been a major figure in scholarly disputes about Marx's value theory. In 1989-91 he was rehabilitated by the Soviet Union.^[1]

Born in to a wealthy Lithuanian Jewish family, Rubin became a revolutionary prior to the Revolution of 1905, when he was 19 years old. He first joined the Jewish Bund and later also the Mensheviks. Rubin belonged to the Menshevik-Internationalists during the Russian Revolution, and was a member of its faction, which in 1920 opposed joining the completely Bolshevik dominated Russian Communist Party (b). The Bundists, who were leaning toward the Mensheviks, then left and founded the short-lived Social Democratic Union, of which Rubin served as secretary. From 1921 he too was subjected to repression and was repeatedly arrested by the Cheka. Because of his reputation, Rubin enjoyed preferential treatment and was allowed to continue writing his works. In addition, petitions from numerous influential Bolshevik intellectuals such as Anatoly Lunacharsky, Mikhail Pokrovsky and David Ryazanov also repeatedly called for his release. He was once again arrested in 1923 and imprisoned until December 1924, eventually being exiled to Crimea until 1926.^[2]

He withdrew from politics in 1924, devoting himself to the academic study of Marxian economics, and in 1926 he joined the prestigious Marx-Engels Institute as a research assistant. The Marx-Engels Institute was headed by David Riazanov, against whom Joseph Stalin nursed a grudge.^{[3][unreliable source?]}

Essays on Marx's Theory of Value was published in 1924. Prior to his arrest, Rubin also published books on the history of economics and contemporary economics, as well as editing an anthology of classical political economy.^[4] However, after the publication of this work, in 1928, criticism of his positions intensified. He was accused of distorting Marx's economic theory, taking an idealistic and metaphysical approach to economic categories, and separating form from content. He became the target of a campaign that culminated in an indictment published in Pravda in November 1930 accusing Rubin of being a member of a "Menshevik-kulak" conspiracy.^[1]

Rubin was arrested on December 23, 1930, and accused of being a member of the All-Union Bureau of Mensheviks, a fictitious secret organisation. Rubin, a trained lawyer and an economist, outwitted his first interrogators and the first charge was dropped; he was then transferred to a cell in Suzdal, where he was placed in solitary confinement and subjected to sleep deprivation.^{[3] [unreliable source?]}

On January 28, 1931, Rubin was brought to another cell, where he was shown another prisoner and told that if he did not confess, the prisoner would be shot. Rubin refused and the prisoner was executed before him. The process was repeated the next night. After the second shooting, Rubin negotiated a "confession" with his interrogators, who insisted that he implicate his mentor David Riazanov as a member of a secret Menshevik conspiracy.^{[3][unreliable source?]}

At 1931 Menshevik Trial, Rubin refused to confirm the existence of a Menshevik organisation. Although he agreed to make false statements regarding Riazanov's correspondence with other secret Mensheviks, he claimed that this was done on the basis of "great personal trust" rather than organisational discipline. As a result of this failure to fully cooperate with his prosecutors, Rubin was sentenced to five years in prison. Although he attempted to shield Riazanov from the worst charges, Rubin emerged from the experience "morally broken, destroyed, degraded to a state of complete hopelessness".^{[3][unreliable source?]}

Rubin served most of his prison term in solitary confinement, during which he continued his research as best as he could. When he fell ill with a suspected cancer, he was removed to a hospital and encouraged to make further confessions in return for favourable treatment, but declined the offer. He was released on a commuted sentence in 1934 and allowed to work in Aktyubinsk, Kazakh SSR as an economic planner.

Rubin was arrested once more during the Great Purge on 19 November 1937. After this arrest he was never seen alive again.^{[3][unreliable source?]} He was executed under the accusation of Trotskyist conspiracy on 25 November 1937. He was rehabilitated during the period of Perestroika.^[1]

His brother Aron Rubin (1888–1961), was a Soviet philosopher and literary critic (see ru:Арон Рубин). His nephew Vitaly Rubin was a Soviet orientalist and the topic of a global campaign to permit his emigration to Israel in 1974 (see he:ויטלי רובין).

Rubin's main work emphasised the importance of Marx's theory of commodity fetishism in the labor theory of value. Against those who counterposed Marx's early interest in alienation with his later economic theory, Rubin argued that Marx's mature economic work represented the culmination of his lifetime project to understand how human creative power is shaped, defined, and limited by social structures, which take on a uniquely "objective" economic form under capitalism.^[5] Significantly, Rubin is at pains to argue that simple commodity production is not a historical phenomenon that developed into capitalism, as it is often understood by both Marxists and critics of Marx; rather, it is a theoretical abstraction that explains one aspect of a fully developed capitalist economy. The concept of value, as understood by Rubin, cannot exist without the other elements of a full-blown capitalist economy: money, capital, the existence of a proletariat, and so on.

Rubin's work was never reissued in the Soviet Union after 1928, but in 1972 Essays on Marx's Theory of Value was translated into English by Fredy Perlman and Milos Samardzija. The work had important points of contact with the German [Neue Marx Lektüre | Neue_Marx-Lektüre] already begun by Hans-Georg Backhaus and Helmut_Reichelt and thereafter bcame a foundation stone of the "value-form" approach to Marxist theory, exemplified by Hans-Georg Backhaus, Chris Arthur, Geert Reuten, and the "Konstanz–Sydney" group (Michael Eldred, Mike Roth, Lucia Kleiber, and Volkbert Roth). In this interpretation of Marx, "it is the development of the forms of exchange that is seen as the prime determinant of the capitalist economy rather than the content regulated by it".^[6] Capitalism is here understood as a method of regulating human labor by giving it the social form of an exchangeable commodity (the "value-form"), rather than a disguised or mystified system that is otherwise similar in content to other class-based societies.

According to Arthur, the rediscovery of Rubin's "masterly exegesis" was "the most important single influence on the value form approach to Capital".^[6]

• Rubin, Isaak Illich: Essays on Marx's Theory of Value. Translated by Milos Samardzija and Fredy Perlman from the third edition, Moscow, Leningrad 1928. Fourth Printing. Montreal, New York 1990.
• Rubin, Isaac Ilych: A History of Economic Thought Inklinks 1979. Translated and edited by Donald Filtzer from 2nd Revised Russian ed 1929.
• Rubin, Isaac Ilych: Studien zur Geldtheorie von Marx in Isaac Illych Rubin. Marxforscher – Okonom – Verbannter (1886-1937) Beitrage zur Marx-Engels-Forschung NF, vol. 4 Argument, Hamburg, 2012, pp. 9–118.

• Boldyrev, Ivan and Martin Kragh. "Isaak Rubin: Historian of Economic Thought During the Stalinization of Social Sciences in Soviet Russia," Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 2015. Vol. 37, Iss. 3. P. 363–386.
• Joe, Hyeon-soo: Politische Ökonomie als Gesellschaftstheorie. Studien zur Marx-Rezeption von Isaak Iljitsch Rubin und Kozo Uno [German], Diss. Philipps-Universität Marburg 1995.
• Paula, João Antonio; Cerqueira, Hugo. Isaac I. Rubin e sua história do pensamento econômico. Belo Horizonte: Cedeplar-UFMG, 2013. (in Portuguese).
• Vasina, Ljudmila L.: I. I. Rubin – Marxforscher und Politökonom. [German], in: Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung. Neue Folge 1994, pp. 144–149.
• Vasina, Lyudmila L.; Rokityansky, Yakov G. "Pages from the Life and Creative Work of Economist I.I. Rubin" (1992) translated in Day and Gaido, 819-36. This essay incorporates Vasina's research into Rubin's biography.
• Day, Richard B., Gaido, Daniel F., editors. Responses to Marx’s Capital: From Rudolf Hilferding to Isaak Illich Rubin, Volume 144 of Historical Materialism Book Series. Pages 429-818 of this work translates six works of Rubin, most unknown before his rehabilitation, including the manuscript Essays on Marx's Theory of Money that was preserved from the 30s to 90s by members of his family.

• Writings of I. I. Rubin at marxists.org
• Selected bibliography with links and materials.