Bangladesh and India share a 4,096-kilometre-long (2,545 mi) international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including 262 km (163 mi) in Assam, 856 km (532 mi) in Tripura, 318 km (198 mi) in Mizoram, 443 km (275 mi) in Meghalaya and 2,217 km (1,378 mi) in West Bengal.[1] The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides.
History
Post number 1273 of Bangladesh–India border
The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between the dominions of India and Pakistan upon the partition of India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as chairman of the Border Commissions, was charged with equitably dividing 450,000 square kilometres (175,000 sq mi) of territory with 88 million people based on religious lines.[2] This involved the partition of the Bengal region, which resulted in transferring East Bengal to Pakistan,[3] which was later liberated in 1971, thereby Bangladesh continuing to share the same line as the border with the Indian Republic.
Several skirmishes occurred along the border during the 1970s, years after the victory of the Battles of Belonia Bulge by the Mukti Bahini and allied Indian troops.[4][5][relevant?] The Belonia issue was almost settled in 1974 when Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman agreed to the general principle of watershed. It was decided that in all cases of river line boundaries the midstream would be regarded as the border. And that both sides would take steps to ensure that the rivers did not change their course but unfortunately, it was not settled.[6]
Bangladesh Rifles and Indian Border Security Forces exchanged fire near the Comilla-Tripura border throughout the entire month of November to December 1979.[10][11][12] The shooting appeared to have become a habit with the soldiers on both sides. A joint survey team of India and Bangladesh visited the area and watched bullets flying across the disputed land for 90 minutes.[11] No fatalities or injuries were reported.[10]
After the three-day talks, the two delegations issued a brief joint statement in which, both sides agreed to exercise maximum restraint and avoided provocation to ensure the return of normalcy in the Muhuri Char area of the Belonia sector on the Tripura-Comilla border. This merely meant that the two sides would not resort to exchange of firing on the disputed 44-acre stretch of land.[13][14]
Exchange of firing ended, but the talks had later failed.[13]
Skirmishes after 1979 incident
Skirmishes in Belonia also occurred in 1985,[15] Where heavy mortars were used in the intense clash.[16] Skirmishes near and in Belonia also occurred in 1999,[15][17] where 6 civilians including 1 BSF Jawan were injured.[16][18] The 67.31-acre land at Muhurichar has remained a disputed area since 1974 with both India and Bangladesh claiming the cultivable tract as their own territory. Of it, 44.87 acre falls in the Indian territory, while the rest is in Bangladesh's control.[citation needed]
In total, there were 8 skirmishes from 1979 to 1999 in Muhuri Char.[19] BGB and BSF clashed for a total of 58 days in 20 years.[citation needed]
Smuggling
The border is used as a route for smuggling livestock, food items, medicines, and drugs from India to Bangladesh. Moreover, illegal immigrants from Bangladesh cross the border to India. Because of a large number of illegal immigrants crossing from Bangladesh into India, a controversial shoot-on-sight policy has been enforced by the Indian border patrols.[20][21][22] This policy was initiated with reports of violence between the illegal migrants and Indian soldiers.[23] The border has also witnessed occasional skirmishes between the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and the Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), most notably in 2001.
Fence construction
In July 2009, Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Indians and Bangladeshis were killed by the BSF along the Indo-Bangladeshi border fence during its construction. The BSF state that the fence's main purpose is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism.[24] In 2010, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued an 81-page report which documented a number abuses committed by the BSF. The report was compiled from the interviews of abuse victims, witnesses, members of the BSF, and its Bangladeshi counterpart, the BGB. The report stated that over 900 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century, many of whom crossed the border for cattle rustling or other smuggling activities. However, the report also noted that some were killed due to "indiscriminate firing from across the border". The HRW called for a joint independent investigation to be conducted by both governments.[25]
The Bangladeshi government has often accused the BSF of incursions into Bangladeshi territory, and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India–Bangladesh border. In a news conference in August 2008, Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals (34 Bangladeshis, 21 Indians, 4 unidentified) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months.[26] Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children, aged between 8 and 15, from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh, in 2010. The children were setting fishing nets near the border.[27] In 2010, Human Rights Watch accused the Border Security Force of the indiscriminate killings. On 7 January 2011, BSF forces killed 15-year-old Felani Khatun after she became tangled while climbing the border fence during a return trip to Bangladesh. Her body was left hanging from the fence where it was photographed, drawing widespread outrage.[28]
In 2019, Bangladesh border guards shot at BSF personnel. They claimed self defence. One BSF officer was killed.[29]
Border length by Indian states
The breakdown of the length of land border by Indian states is as follows, clockwise:[30]
There were nearly 200 enclaves and counter-enclaves that existed on both sides of the border up until 2015. The enclaves or chitmahals (Bengali: ছিটমহল) that ran along the border between the two nations were a longstanding feature of the region. The enclaves were reputedly part of a high-stakes card game or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur, and the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire. After the partition of India in 1947, Cooch Behar district merged with India and Rangpur went to then-East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971.
The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement, but India did not ratify it. In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015.[31][32]
Inside the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while inside the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). Under the Land Boundary Agreement, the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice.[33][34] The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh.[35] The undemarcated borders between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata-Dumabari, Muhurichar (an island in the Muhuri River),[32] and Pyrdiwah.[36][37][38]
India and Bangladesh, with different perceptions of their maritime boundaries and exclusive economic zone, engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations since 1974, which remained inconclusive until 2009 when both agreed to undergo arbitration under the UNCLOS. On 7 July 2014, Arbitration Tribunal resolved the dispute in Bangladesh's favor, which was amicably accepted by both sides, thus ending the dispute.[39] Dispute also included South Talpatti (also called "New Moore"), a small uninhabited offshore sandbar that emerged as an Island in the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone in 1970, and disappeared around March 2010.[40][41]
Cross-border transport
India–Bangladesh Friendship Gate between Tamabil (Bangladesh) and Dawki (India) border.
Indian Border Security Force (BSF) jawans guarding Dawki Integrated Check Post or Dawki border crossing. It is one of the few road border crossings between India and Bangladesh in the West Jaintia Hills district in the state of Meghalaya, India, the corresponding post in Bangladesh is Tamabil post.Meghalaya
Bagmara Land Customs Stations (India) and Bijoyour post (Bangladesh)
Borsara Land Customs Stations(India) and Borsara post (Bangladesh)
Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost, opened in October 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[43]
Bus service
Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years, starting with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947. After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, bilateral relations improved considerably, but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a 1980 agreement on improving transport links.[44]
The Kolkata–Dhaka Bus started in 1999.[45] In 2001, another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala, the capital of the Indian state of Tripura, the second-largest city of Northeast India that borders Bangladesh in the east. In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via, Petrapole, Dhaka, Akhoura began. The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation.
Out of total length of International Border with Bangladesh 4,096.70 kilometres (2,545.57 mi), Government of India has completely fenced 3,180 kilometres (1,980 mi) by 2024 and the remaining 916 kilometres (569 mi) is covered by physical and non-physical barriers as it is not feasible to fence the entire border due to densely forested rugged mountains, riverine and marshy areas. India has similar fence on borders with Pakistan and Myanmar.[46]
The approved length of the fence along Indo-Bangladesh Border was 3,326.14 kilometres (2,066.77 mi) in 2018,[47] sections of which were progressively constructed, i.e. 2,529 kilometres (1,571 mi) by November 2007,[48] 2,649 kilometres (1,646 mi) by October 2009,[49] 2,735 kilometres (1,699 mi) by March 2011,[50] 2,746.44 kilometres (1,706.56 mi) by February 2018,[47] 2,803.013 kilometres (1,741.712 mi) by July 2019, 3,141 kilometres (1,952 mi) by August 2021,[47][51][52] and 3,180 kilometres (1,980 mi) by 2024.[46]
India-Bangladesh borer has numerous border haats or markets held one day each week.[61][62][63][64][65] It is not only a market for locals and tourists for buying daily commodities but also a reunion spot for families living on both sides of the international border.[66][67]
^ ab"India-Bangladesh clash 'over'". BBC News. 24 August 1999. Retrieved 15 September 2024. At least six civilians and one border guard have been wounded in the exchanges of automatic weapons fire. The border between India's Tripura state and the Feni region of south-eastern Bangladesh is marked by the river Muhuri. "The Indian side stopped firing at 1310 (0710GMT) and we also ceased shooting," said Colonel Shawkat Hossain of the BDR ... In 1985, heavy mortars were used in one of the more intensive clashes.
^"Survey at Muhurichar". BDNews24. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2024. In 1964, security forces of India and erstwhile East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, first exchanged fire over Muhurichar after it surfaced following erosion in the river Muhuri. The last skirmish that lasted for three days was in 1999
^"Delhi's Muhuri river demarcation proposal unacceptable". New Age. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2024. Border forces of both the countries are also reported to have exchanged gunfire in at least eight incidents in 1979–1999 in Muhurir Char. India has a history of not resolving prickly issues with Bangladesh,
^Tusha Mittal (15 October 2011). "Blood on the Border". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^Bonnett, Alastair, 1964- (2014). Off the map : lost spaces, invisible cities, forgotten islands, feral places, and what they tell us about the world. London. ISBN 978-1-78131-257-5. OCLC868380030.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"Role of the BSF". Border Security Force, Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Bangladesh 
India
