On 27 December 2024, South Korean Prime Minister and acting president Han Duck-soo was impeached. The efforts came 10 days after President Yoon Suk Yeol was impeached as a result of his brief enactment of martial law earlier that month, leading Han to become acting president in his stead. Opposition Democratic Party Floor Leader Park Chan-dae announced plans to impeach Han on 24 December after he declined to approve two bills providing a special counsel for Yoon and First Lady Kim Keon-hee. The motion was formally filed on 26 December after Han blocked the appointment of three justices to the Constitutional Court of Korea whose nomination was approved by the National Assembly. After Speaker Woo Won-shik ruled that Han could be impeached by a simple majority due to his status as a cabinet minister, Han was unanimously impeached by 192 MPs on 27 December with all 108 other MPs, part of Yoon's People Power Party (PPP), boycotting the vote. Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Choi Sang-mok assumed the roles of acting president and acting prime minister pending the Constitutional Court's decision on whether to remove Han from office.

South Korea is governed as a presidential democracy under the 1987 constitution. Only one Korean president has been removed from office through impeachment (Park Geun-hye in 2017), which requires a two-thirds majority support in the National Assembly.^[1] Roh Moo-hyun was impeached in 2004 by the National Assembly, but the Constitutional Court cleared him of two infractions and deemed the remaining charge not serious enough to warrant removal, allowing him to remain in office.^[2]

The procedure for impeachment is set out in the 10th Constitution of South Korea in 1987. Article 65, Clause 1, specifies that the National Assembly may impeach the president, prime minister, or other state officials if they violate the constitution or other laws while performing official duties.^[3][4]

For an impeachment motion against a sitting president to pass, a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly – 200 out of 300 members – must vote in favor.^[5] Once passed, the individual is immediately suspended from their duties pending a ruling by the Constitutional Court of Korea. The scope of impeachment is limited to removal from public office, with no further penalties imposed through this process.^[6] However, as Han is an acting president, disputes have arisen in the National Assembly as to how many votes are needed to impeach him, with Han's People Power Party (PPP) saying that two-thirds of legislators must approve the motion, and the opposition Democratic Party (DPK) saying that a simple majority is required, citing Han's status as a cabinet minister.^[7] Furthermore, no specific laws exist on dealing with the impeachment of an acting president.^[8]

According to the Constitutional Court Act passed in 1988, the Constitutional Court must render a decision within 180 days after it receives any case for adjudication, including impeachment cases. If the respondent has already left office before the decision, the case is dismissed.^[6] Formal removal of the president requires six of the nine justices voting in favor; due to three vacancies, all six justices would have to vote to remove him. Article 23 of the Constitutional Court Act requires at least seven justices for deliberation.^[5]

Debates have arisen in the National Assembly on whether acting president Han Duck-soo is entitled to fill the vacant seats, with the DPK supporting it^[9] and the PPP opposing it on the grounds that an acting president can only appoint justices only in the event of a presidential vacancy, not a suspension of duties.^[10]

Han's impeachment is the 16th to be received by the Constitutional Court since its establishment in 1988 and the 13th since impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol came to office in 2022.^[11]

On 14 December 2024, Yoon Suk Yeol, the president of South Korea, was impeached by the National Assembly. This action came in response to Yoon's declaration of martial law on 3 December 2024, which was overturned by the National Assembly and officially withdrawn six hours later on 4 December 2024.^[12]

Incumbent Prime Minister Han Duck-soo assumed the role of acting president pending the Constitutional Court's decision on whether to remove Yoon from office.^[13] An earlier impeachment motion was put to a parliamentary vote on 7 December 2024 but failed because the number of attending legislators did not meet the quorum required for its passage, as members of the ruling PPP boycotted the vote.^[14]

When Han was being asked by police for questioning in its investigation of martial law, DPK Leader Lee Jae-myung initially said that the party would not move to impeach Han for the time being to avoid "confusion in their state affairs".^[15][16]

As acting president, Han came into conflict with opposition parties. On 19 December, he vetoed six bills passed by the National Assembly that had been sponsored by the DPK. Among the bills vetoed were proposed amendments to the Grain Management Act, which would have required the government to purchase surplus rice to stabilize prices during market fluctuations. Han cited concerns over its effect on the market as a reason for vetoing the bill. Other measures he vetoed included a bill requiring companies to submit requested data to members of the National Assembly, saying that it was an invasion of constitutional rights to privacy.^[17]

Motion to impeach Han

Choice	Votes
Y Yes	192 (64%)
N No	0
Abstentions	0
Invalid	0
Not voting	108 (36%)
Impeachment successful

After a meeting of Han's cabinet failed to review two bills providing special counsel for suspended President Yoon Suk Yeol and First Lady Kim Keon-hee, DPK Floor Leader Park Chan-dae announced plans to impeach Han on 24 December. Park described Han's actions as "[a tactic] to buy time and prolong the insurrection".^[18] On 26 December, the National Assembly approved a motion to fill the three vacancies in the constitutional court, with the PPP not participating in the confirmation vote. However, their appointment was blocked by Han, saying that he needed bipartisan consensus on whether he can approve their installation. In response, the DPK formally filed an impeachment motion against Han that same day,^[19] with the plenary vote scheduled on 27 December.^[20]

Prior to the vote, Speaker Woo Won-shik ruled that Han can be impeached by a simple majority of 151 due to his status as a cabinet minister, as opposed to the 200 normally required for presidential impeachments. PPP lawmakers opposed Woo's decision, calling for his resignation and declaring his ruling invalid while chanting "abuse of power" as the session was underway. With all PPP members boycotting the vote, Han was impeached by all 192 present MPs on 27 December. Deputy Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok became acting president and prime minister.^[21][22][23] Han became the first acting president of South Korea to be impeached.^[24]

Han said he respected the outcome of the vote in the National Assembly and would await the Constitutional Court's verdict, adding that he would suspend his duties to "not add to the chaos".^[22] DPK Leader Lee Jae-myung called Han's impeachment part of the party's efforts to dismantle the "rebellion forces" linked to Yoon Suk Yeol, while the PPP called the DPK "a serial impeachment offender".^[25] The PPP later filed for an adjudication on jurisdiction disputes and an injunction with the Constitutional Court to nullify Han's impeachment.^[26]

On 30 December, the Constitutional Court released a statement saying that a majority of its justices believed that the manner in which Han was impeached was valid.^[27]

Finance Minister and ex officio deputy prime minister Choi Sang-mok, who succeeded Han as acting president upon the impeachment, warned prior to the 27 December vote that impeaching Han would seriously affect South Korea's economic standing and called on opposition parties to reconsider.^[7]