Homology may refer to:

• Homology (biology), any characteristic of biological organisms that is derived from a common ancestor
• Sequence homology, biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences
• Homologous chromosomes, chromosomes in a biological cell that pair up (synapse) during meiosis
• Homologous recombination, genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between molecules of DNA
• Homologous desensitization, a receptor decreases its response to a signalling molecule when that agonist is in high concentration
• Homology modeling, a method of protein structure prediction

• Homologous series, a series of organic compounds having different quantities of a repeated unit
• Homologous temperature, the temperature of a material as a fraction of its absolute melting point
• Homologation reaction, a chemical reaction which produces the next logical member of a homologous series

• Homology (anthropology), analogy between human beliefs, practices or artifacts owing to genetic or historical connections
• Homology (psychology), behavioral characteristics that have common origins in either evolution or development
  • Homologous behaviors, behaviors typical of species that share a common ancestor that was characterized by that behavior OR behaviors in an individual that share common origins in development
• Homology (sociology), a structural resonance between the different elements making up a socio-cultural whole

• Homology (mathematics), a procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a given mathematical object
• Homological algebra, a branch of mathematics

• Homologation, from the ancient Greek "to agree", to indicate the approval of a sanctioning body
• Homologation (motorsport), the process in motorsports where the sanctioning body approves a racing model for official use
• Homological word, a word expressing a property which it possesses itself

• Homological dimension (disambiguation)