Henry rifle
Type	Lever-action rifle
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Used by	United States, Confederate States, Native Americans, Mexico, Poland, Tokugawa Shogunate, Empire of Japan
Wars	American Civil War, Indian Wars, Second Franco-Mexican War, January Uprising, Boshin War, Satsuma Rebellion
Production history
Designer	Benjamin Tyler Henry
Designed	1860
Manufacturer	New Haven Arms Company
Unit cost	$40[1] (equivalent to $1,356 in 2023)
Produced	1860–1866
No. built	~14,000
Specifications
Mass	9 lb 4 oz (4.2 kg)
Length	44.75 in (113.7 cm)
Barrel length	24 in (61 cm)
Caliber	.44 Henry rimfire
Action	Breech-loading lever action
Feed system	15-round tubular magazine

The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action tubular magazine rifle. It is famous for having been used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and having been the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West.

Designed and introduced by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the original Henry was a sixteen-shot .44 caliber rimfire breech-loading lever-action rifle. It was produced from 1860 until 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. The Henry was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the American Civil War, favored for its greater firepower than the standard-issue carbine. Many later found their way West, notably in the hands of a few of the Sioux and Cheyenne in their defeat of George Armstrong Custer's U.S. Cavalry troops in June 1876.

Modern replicas are produced by A. Uberti and Henry Repeating Arms in .44-40 Winchester and .45 Colt.

The original Henry rifle was a sixteen-shot .44 caliber rimfire breech-loading lever-action rifle, patented by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860 after three years of design work.^[2] The Henry was an improved version of the earlier Volition, and later Volcanic. The Henry used copper (later brass) rimfire cartridges with a 216 grain (14.0 gram, 0.490 ounce) bullet over 25 grains (1.6 g, 0.056 oz.) of black powder.

Only 150 to 200 rifles a month were initially produced.^{[citation needed]} Nine hundred were manufactured between summer and October 1862.^{[citation needed]} At Vicksburg, Edward Downs of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment and a noted sharpshooter, bought a Henry rifle from his own funds for $65 from a steamboat captain just prior to the Vicksburg battle.^[3] Production peaked at 290 per month by 1864,^{[citation needed]} bringing the total to 8,000.^[4] By the time the run ended in 1866, approximately 14,000 units had been manufactured.

For an American Civil War soldier, owning a Henry rifle was a point of pride.^[5] Just 1,731 of the standard rifles were purchased by the government during the war.^[6] The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased a further 50. However, 6,000 to 7,000 saw use by the Union on the field through private purchases by soldiers who could afford it.^{[citation needed]} The relative fragility of Henrys compared to Spencers hampered their official acceptance. Another weak point for the Henry was that it could not be equipped with a bayonet. Many infantry soldiers purchased Henrys with their reenlistment bounties of 1864. Most of these units were associated with Sherman's Western troops.

When used correctly, the brass-receiver rifles had an exceptionally high rate of fire compared to any other weapon on the battlefield. Soldiers who saved their pay to buy one believed it would help save their lives. Since tactics had not been developed to take advantage of their firepower, Henrys were frequently used by scouts, skirmishers, flank guards, and raiding parties rather than in regular infantry formations. Confederate Colonel John Mosby, who became infamous for his sudden raids against advanced Union positions, when first encountering the Henry in battle called it "that damned Yankee rifle that can be loaded on Sunday and fired all week."^[7] Since then that phrase became associated with the Henry rifle.^[8] Those few Confederate troops who came into possession of captured Henry rifles had little way to resupply the ammunition it used, making its widespread use by Confederate forces impractical. The rifle was, however, known to have been used at least in part by some Confederate units in Louisiana, Texas, and Virginia, as well as the personal bodyguards of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.^[9] According to firearms historian Herbert G. Houze, one man armed with a Henry rifle was the equivalent of 14 or 15 men equipped with single-shot guns.^[7]

Benito Juárez's forces obtained a number of Henry rifles from gun runners during their war against the French.^[10]

It is theorized that the Henry rifle was used in the January Uprising by Count Jan Kanty Dzialynski in the Battle of Pyzdry and First Battle of Ignacewo. In the memoirs from the epoch, it is reported that Dzialynski had used a 16-shot rifle in combat, but it is more likely that he had used a weapon of his own design.^[11] A confirmed user of the Henry rifle in the January Uprising was Paul Garnier d'Aubin, officer of the French 23rd Infantry Regiment.

Receiver

Henry rifle, loading-lever, toggle-joint

The Henry rifle used a .44 caliber cartridge with 26 to 28 grains (1.7 to 1.8 g) of black powder.^[12] This gave it significantly lower muzzle velocity and energy than other repeaters of the era, such as the Spencer. The lever action, on the down-stroke, ejected the spent cartridge from the chamber and cocked the hammer. A spring in the magazine forced the next round into the follower; locking the lever back into position pushed the new cartridge into the chamber and closed the breech. As designed, the Henry lacked any form of safety. When not in use its hammer rested on the cartridge rim; any impact on the back of the exposed hammer could cause a chambered round to fire. If left cocked, it was in the firing position without a safety.^[13]

To load the magazine, the shooter moves the cartridge-follower along the slot into the top portion of the magazine-tube and pivots it to the right to open the front-end of the magazine. Up to 15 cartridges are loaded individually. The top portion of the tube is pivoted back and the spring-loaded follower is released. Care must be taken to release the follower onto the cartridges slowly, as the force of the spring can cause cartridges to detonate in the magazine tube, potentially injuring the shooter.

While never issued on a large scale, the Henry rifle demonstrated its advantages of rapid fire at close range several times in the American Civil War and later during the wars between the United States and the Plains Indians. Examples include the successes of two Henry-armed Union regiments at the Battle of Franklin against large Confederate attacks, as well as the Henry-armed Sioux and Cheyenne's destruction of the 7th Cavalry at Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, the Henry rifle evolved into the famous Winchester Model 1866 lever-action rifle. With the introduction of the new Model 1866, the New Haven Arms Company was renamed the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

The unrelated Henry Repeating Arms produces a modernized replica of the Henry Model 1860 rifle with brass receiver and American walnut stock, but a modern steel barrel and internal components.^[14]

Uberti produces an almost exact copy Henry Model 1860 chambered in .44-40 Winchester or .45 Colt, rather than the original .44 Henry rimfire. Distributed by several companies, these replicas are popular among Cowboy Action Shooters and Civil War reenactors, as well as competition shooters in the North-South Skirmish Association (N-SSA).^{[15][citation needed]}

• Rifles in the American Civil War
• Colt Lightning rifle
• Colt's New Model revolving rifle
• Spencer repeating rifle
• Winchester rifle
• Evans repeating rifle

• Hartford Michigan Military History Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
• American Rifleman, May 2008; (Henry Repeating Arms) founder, p. 26.
• Sword, Wiley. The Historic Henry Rifle: Oliver Winchester's Famous Civil War Repeater. Lincoln, Rhode Island : Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 2002.
• Compared: .357 Mag. Henry Big Boy, Marlin 1894C and Uberti 1873 Rifles by Chuck Hawks.

• Henry Repeating Arms Company - website of the modern Henry Repeating Arms Company
• Uberti USA 1860 Henry Rifle