Henry Thompson may refer to:

• Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet (1820–1904), British surgeon
• Henry Thompson (1625–1683) (1620s–1683), English merchant and politician
• Henry Thompson (1659–1700), English landowner and politician
• Henry Thompson (priest) (1797–1878), English cleric and author
• Henry Francis Herbert Thompson (1859–1944), British Egyptologist
• Sir Henry Thompson, 3rd Baronet (1796–1868)
• H. S. Thompson (1824–?), American songwriter
• Henry Gregory Thompson (1871–1942), Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar
• Henry A. Thompson (1841–1889), United States Marine and Medal of Honor recipient
• Henry W. Thompson (1839–1906), South Australian sailor and politician
• Henry Thompson (veterinary surgeon) (1836–1920), veterinary surgeon and author
• Henry Thompson (Medal of Honor), United States Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
• Henry Thompson (Australian politician) (1906–1964)
• Henry Adams Thompson (1837–1920), American prohibitionist
• Henry M. Thompson (1861–?), American businessman and politician
• Henry Yates Thompson (1838–1928), British newspaper proprietor and collector of illuminated manuscripts
• Henry Thompson (cricketer) (born 1992), English cricketer
• Henry Thompson (footballer) (1886–?), English footballer
• Henry Langhorne Thompson (1829–1856), British Army officer

• Harry Thompson (disambiguation)
• Hank Thompson (disambiguation)
• Henry Thomson (disambiguation)