Gerbera
| Gerbera | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gerbera × hybrida | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Mutisioideae |
| Tribe: | Mutisieae |
| Genus: | Gerbera L. (1758)[1] |
| Synonyms | |
Gerbera (/ˈdʒɜːrbərə/ JUR-bər-ə or /ˈɡɜːrbərə/ GUR-bər-ə) L. is a genus of plants in the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. The first scientific description of a Gerbera was made by J. D. Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1889 when he described Gerbera jamesonii, a South African species also known as Transvaal daisy or Barberton daisy. Gerbera is also commonly known as the African daisy.
Etymology
The genus was named in honour of German botanist and medical doctor Traugott Gerber (1710–1743),[2] who travelled extensively in Russia and was a friend of Carl Linnaeus.[3]
Description
Gerbera species are tufted, caulescent, perennial herbs, often with woolly crown, up to 80 cm high. Leaves are all in rosette, elliptical with entire or toothed margin or lobed, petiolate or with a petaloid base, pinnately veined, often leathery and felted beneath. Single to several flowering stems from each rosette bear bracteate or ebracteate, simple, one-headed inflorescence-capitulum. Capitula are radiate, with several rows of bracts. Ray florets are female, 2-lipped, the outer lip is large and strap-shaped, inner lip consists of two small, thread-like lobes of white, pink or red, rarely yellow colour. Disc florets are fertile, five-lobed and irregularly 2-lipped with curled petals.
Species
Formerly included numerous species once considered members of Gerbera are now placed in other genera: Chaptalia, Leibnitzia, Mairia, Perdicium, Trichocline, and Oreoseris.
In accordance with International Plant Names Index genus Gerbera includes 22 accepted species:[4]
Section Gerbera
- Gerbera crocea Kuntze — Dialstee
- Gerbera grandis J.C.Manning & Simka[5]
- Gerbera linnaei Cass. — Varingblom
- Gerbera ovata J.C.Manning & Simka[5]
- Gerbera serrata Druce
- Gerbera tomentosa DC.
- Gerbera wrightii Harv.
Section Lasiopus (Cass.) Sch.Bip.
- Gerbera ambigua Sch.Bip.
- Gerbera aurantiaca Sch.Bip. — Hilton daisy
- Gerbera galpinii Klatt — Galpin's gerbera
- Gerbera jamesonii Bolus — Barberton daisy, Gerbera daisy, Transvaal daisy
- Gerbera sylvicola Johnson, N.R.Crouch & T.J.Edwards[6]
- Gerbera viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip. — Pink gerbera
Section Pseudoseris (Baill.) Jeffr.
- Gerbera bojeri Sch.Bip. — Bojer's gerbera
- Gerbera diversifolia Humbert
- Gerbera elliptica Humbert
- Gerbera emirnensis Baker
- Gerbera hypochaeridoides Baker
- Gerbera leandrii Humbert
- Gerbera perrieri Humbert
- Gerbera petasitifolia Humbert
Section Parva H.V.Hansen
Gerbera viridifolia
Gerbera wrightii
Gerbera × hybrida
Gerbera × hybrida
Gerbera × hybrida
Distribution
Gerbera is native to tropical regions of Africa. It was introduced into countries of Latin America and Southeast Asia.
Uses
Gerbera is very popular and widely used as a decorative garden plant or as cut flowers. The domesticated cultivars are mostly a result of a cross between Gerbera jamesonii and another South African species Gerbera viridifolia.[7] The cross is known as Gerbera × hybrida. Thousands of cultivars exist. They vary greatly in shape and size. Colours include white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. The centre of the flower is sometimes black. Often the same flower can have petals of several different colours. The flower-heads (capitula) can be as small as 7 cm (Gerbera 'mini Harley') in diameter or up to 12 cm (Gerbera ‘Golden Serena’).
Gerbera is also important commercially. It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, and tulip). It is also used as a model organism in studying flower formation.
Gerbera contains naturally occurring coumarin derivatives. It is attractive to bees, butterflies, and birds, but resistant to deer. Small ones are called gerbrinis.[8]
References
- ^ "Tropicos". www.tropicos.org.
- ^ "Traugott Gerber". Gerbera.org.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ "Gerbera L. Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
- ^ a b Manning, J.C.; Simka, B.; Boatwright, J.S.; Magee, A.R. (May 2016). "A revised taxonomy of Gerbera sect. Gerbera (Asteraceae: Mutisieae)". South African Journal of Botany. 104: 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2015.10.002.
- ^ Johnson, Isabel Marion; Crouch, Neil R.; Edwards, Trevor J. (2 December 2014). "Gerbera sylvicola (Asteraceae: Mutisieae), a new forest species from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Phytotaxa. 186 (4): 229. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.186.4.7.
- ^ Isabel Johnson. "Gerbera jamesonii Adlam". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ "Landscape Plants Rated by Deer Resistance". njaes.rutgers.edu.
Sources
- Hansen, Hans V. A taxonomic revision of the genus Gerbera (Compositae, Mutisieae) sections Gerbera, Parva, Piloselloides (in Africa), and Lasiopus (Opera botanica. No. 78; 1985), ISBN 87-88702-04-9.
- Nesom, G .L. 2004. Response to "The Gerbera complex (Asteraceae, Mutisieae): to split or not to split" by Liliana Katinas. Sida 21:941–942.
- Bremer K. 1994: Asteraceae: cladistics and classification. Timber Press: Portland, Oregon.
External links
- Gerbera.org—official website of the Gerbera Association—established in Barberton, South Africa
- Traugott-Gerber-Museum, Germany (German)
