Geared turbofan
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| Diagram of a geared turbofan, two-spool, with 2 low-pressure compressors, 4 high-pressure compressors, 1 high pressure and 1 low pressure turbine. [1]: Fan. [2]: Gearbox. |
The geared turbofan is a type of turbofan aircraft engine with a planetary gearbox between the low pressure compressor / turbine and the fan, enabling each to spin at its optimum speed. The benefit of the design is lower fuel consumption and much quieter operation. The drawback is that it increases weight and adds complexity.
Technology
In a conventional turbofan, a single shaft (the "low-pressure" or LP shaft) connects the fan, the low-pressure compressor and the low-pressure turbine (a second concentric shaft connects the high-pressure compressor and high-pressure turbine). In this configuration, the maximum tip speed for the larger radius fan limits the rotational speed for the LP shaft and thus the LP compressor and turbine. At high bypass ratios (and thus also high radius ratios) the rotational speed of the LP turbine and compressor must be relatively low, which means extra compressor and turbine stages are required to keep the average stage loadings and, therefore, overall component efficiencies to an acceptable level.
In a geared turbofan, a planetary reduction gearbox between the fan and the LP shaft allows the latter to run at a higher rotational speed thus enabling fewer stages to be used in both the LP turbine and the LP compressor, increasing efficiency and reducing weight. However, some energy will be lost as heat in the gear mechanism and weight saved on turbine and compressor stages is partly offset by that of the gearbox. There are manufacturing cost and reliability implications as well.
The lower fan speed allows higher bypass ratios, leading to reduced fuel consumption and much reduced noise. The BAe 146 is fitted with geared turbofans and is still one of the quietest commercial aircraft.[1] A large part of the noise reduction is due to reduced fan tip speeds. In conventional turbofans the fan tips exceed the speed of sound causing a characteristic drone, requiring sound deadening. Geared turbofans operate the fan at sufficiently low rotational speed to avoid supersonic tip speeds.[2]
History
The first geared turbofan engine was created in 1970.[3] However, economically scaling the idea from small engines to medium and large ones was not possible until the 21st century.
After considering a geared design, General Electric and Safran decided against it for their CFM LEAP due to weight and reliability concerns, postponing its use for a future application, when Pratt & Whitney began development of the geared PW1000G.[4]
Since its inception in 2016, while the durability of the geared turbofan engine of Pratt & Whitney PW1000G family has been an ongoing issue, no reliability issues are connected to the geared design.[5]
Rolls-Royce's latest engine design for large turbofans (25,000lb to 110,000lb thrust), the UltraFan[6] includes a Powergear rated at a new high of 64MW (87,000hp) and has demonstrated this full power during testing in 2021.[7]
Use
Geared turbofan technology is used in the following engines:
- Garrett TFE731
- Lycoming ALF 502/LF 507
- Pratt & Whitney PW1000G
- Rolls-Royce UltraFan
- Turbomeca Astafan
- Turbomeca Aspin
Tentative use
- Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45SD, a derivative of Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45H turbofan, designed to demonstrate ultra-quiet engine technologies, needed for STOL aircraft operating from city centre airports
- IAE SuperFan, an IAE V2500 derivative proposed for the Airbus A340 between 1987 and 1992
- Aviadvigatel PD-18R, a derivative of the gearless PD-14, based on its high-temperature core, to be completed by 2020
See also
Related lists
References
Notes
- ^ "More Efficient Jet Engine Gets in Gear". TechnologyReview.com.
- ^ "Buzz-Saw Noise & Nonlinear Acoustics - Engineering and the Environment". www.southampton.ac.uk. University of Southampton. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ El-Sayed, Ahmed F. (May 25, 2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-6796-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ Lewis Krauskopf (Sep 15, 2014). "GE exec says avoided geared design in jet engine battle with Pratt". Reuters.
- ^ Joe Anselmo (2023-05-11). "Podcast: Explaining Pratt & Whitney's Durability Problem". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
- ^ Rolls-Royce plc. "The sustainable solution for decades to come". Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ Ben Sampson (1 September 2021). "Rolls-Royce Ultrafan engine's power gearbox breaks aerospace world record". Aerospace Testing International. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
Bibliography
- Connors, Jack (2010). The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History. Reston. Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 978-1-60086-711-8.
- Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1.
- Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.