Document cameras, also known as visual presenters, visualizers, digital overheads, or docucams, are high-resolution, real-time image capture devices used to display an object to a large audience, such as in a classroom or a lecture hall.

A webcam is mounted on arms to operate a document camera, allowing it to be positioned over a page. The camera connects to a projector or similar video display system, enabling a presenter to write on a sheet of paper or display a two- or three-dimensional object while the audience watches. Larger objects, for instance, can be positioned in front of the camera, which can then be rotated as needed.

Document cameras are commonly used in:

• In a lecture hall or classroom
• Presentation of material in conferences, meetings, and training sessions
• Videoconferencing and telepresence
• Presentation of evidence in courtrooms
• Various medical applications (telemedicine, telepathology, display of radiology images)

Document cameras replaced overhead projectors, which were formerly used for this purpose.^[2] A document camera can enlarge the small print in books and project a printed page as if it were a traditional transparency by using a zoom feature. Document cameras do not require the lights to be dimmed in the room they are used in, contrary to what overhead projectors require to be visible.^[3] Most document cameras can also send a video signal to a computer.

Document cameras were developed to meet increased demand for the ability to project and present original documents, plans, drawings, and objects directly rather than necessitating the prior preparation required for their use as part of an overhead projector-based presentation. The first document camera, also known as a visualizer, was developed by WolfVision and Elmo and launched at the Photokina Trade Fair in 1988.^[4][5]

The widespread use of computers, projectors, and popular presentation programs such as Microsoft PowerPoint in meeting rooms led to overhead projectors being used less frequently.^{[citation needed]}

Early prototypes were simple video cameras mounted on a copy-stands.^[6][7] During the mid-1970s, these were assembled and equipped with additional lighting to provide a consistent quality of the projected image, as well as enable use in a darkened room.^{[citation needed]}

Toward the end of the 1990s, progressive scan cameras were introduced. Many visualizers available on the market today^[when?] are capable of an output of at least 30 frames per second.

The design and specification of a document camera combine several different technologies. Image quality depends on primary components: optics, camera, lighting, and the motherboard with appropriate firmware (software). The finished product is then realized by the production of different mechanical designs by individual manufacturers.^[8] Some document cameras offer HDMI output, audio/video recording, and Wi-Fi connectivity.

Optics are critical to image quality and vary based on the device's cost. Simple or highly complex optical systems can be used, which can differ significantly in quality and size. The iris or aperture is another important component of the optics. The iris controls and regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens onto the image sensor. A lens focuses on a single point of the object, projecting it onto the sensor. However, there is also an area in front of and behind the point of focus that will be perceived as being in sharp focus by the human eye. This is called the depth of field, and it is dependent upon the size of the iris or aperture. The smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field, which brings more of the image into sharp focus.

Progressive scan cameras use either CCD sensors or CMOS sensors. The general advantage of progressive scanning over the interlaced method is the much higher resolution. A progressive scan camera captures all scan lines at the same time, whereas an interlaced camera uses alternating sets of lines.

Image sensors provide only monochrome images. With a 1-chip camera, color information can be obtained through the use of color filters over each pixel. With 1-chip cameras, the Bayer filter is very commonly used. Red, green and blue filters are arranged in a pattern, where the number of green pixels is twice as large as that of the blue or red; thus, the higher sensitivity and resolution of the human eye is replicated. To get a color image, different algorithms are then used to interpolate the missing color information.

A 3CCD camera module is another way to produce color images. A prism is used to split white light into its red, green, blue components, and a separate sensor is then used for each color. This complex camera technology is used in 3-chip cameras and allows for excellent color reproduction at very high resolutions.

Modern camera systems used in a document camera are able to provide high-resolution color images at 30 frames per second. In a 3-chip camera, the measured resolution may be up to 1,500 lines. In addition, the image can be adapted to fit common display aspect ratios of 4:3, 16:9, and 16:10.

A uniform lighting system is essential for accurate color rendition in document cameras.

• High-intensity lighting ensures the document camera produces clear images regardless of ambient light conditions.
• Using powerful lighting systems enables smaller apertures to be used, and this, in turn, provides a significant increase in the depth of field that can be achieved by the document camera.
• Also, the higher the quality of the light source, the more light will reach the camera sensor, which results in less noticeable noise; therefore, the quality of the image will not be degraded.

Some document camera models integrate additional functionality into the light system, such as a synchronized light field that indicates to the user at all times, by way of an illuminated image capture area or laser markers, the size and position of the imaging area, which adjusts simultaneously as the lens zooms in or out.

The motherboard plays an important role in image processing and it has a major influence on the quality of the eventual image that is produced. Larger and larger resolutions and high refresh rates generate large amounts of data that must be processed in real time.

Document cameras are equipped with a range of advanced automated systems designed to enhance ease of use and improve functionality and image quality. For instance, permanent auto-focus detection automatically adjusts focus settings whenever a new object is displayed, eliminating the need for manual adjustments. Additional key features include automatic iris adjustment, auto exposure, white balance, and automatic gain control.

Modern motherboards have a variety of connections to ensure flexibility of use. In addition to HDMI, DVI and VGA ports for connecting to displays (projectors, monitors, and video conferencing systems), there are also several interfaces provided to facilitate connection to a computer or interactive whiteboard. These interfaces are most commonly USB, network (LAN), and serial.

In addition, an external PC or laptop can be connected to the document camera to allow for switching between a Power Point presentation and a live demonstration. Some models can also handle external storage devices and play files directly from a USB flash drive, or save images taken during the presentation onto it.

Some document camera manufacturers also provide for regular firmware upgrades.^[9]

Document cameras are generally divided into three groups:

• Portable: Smaller and lightweight models
• Desktop: Larger, sturdier and more stable units
• Visualizers: Ceiling-mounted above a tabletop or podium

Portable and desktop models allow a working environment similar to an overhead projector. Many document camera users appreciate the added flexibility regarding the variety of objects that can be displayed to an audience. Portable devices can be used in multiple locations without requiring any prior installation.

Ceiling-mounted document cameras/visualizers are a variation from the traditional desktop models and allow for larger objects to be displayed. There is no desktop technical equipment to restrict the views of the speaker and audience, as the technology is installed unobtrusively in the ceiling. Ceiling models are often used to support videoconferencing or telepresence systems to further enhance the immersive experience for participants.

Document cameras have also been used as replacements for image scanners.^[10] Capturing images on document cameras differs from that of flatbed and automatic document feeder scanners in that there are no moving parts required to scan the object. Conventionally either the illumination/reflector rod inside the scanner must be moved over the document (such as for a flatbed scanner), or the document must be passed over the rod (such as for feeder scanners) in order to produce a scan of a whole image. Document cameras capture the whole document or object in one step, usually instantly. Typically, documents are placed on a flat surface, usually the office desk, underneath the capture area of the document camera. The process of whole-surface-at-once capturing has the benefit of increasing reaction time for the workflow of scanning. After being captured, the images are usually processed through software that may enhance the image and perform such tasks like automatically rotating, cropping, and straightening them.^[11]

The documents or objects being scanned are not required to make contact with the document camera, increasing the flexibility of the types of documents that can be checked. Objects that have previously been difficult to scan on conventional scanners can now do so with one device. This includes, in particular, documents of varying sizes and shapes, stapled, in folders, bent, or crumpled, which may get jammed in a feed scanner. Other objects include books, magazines, receipts, letters, tickets, etc. No moving parts can also remove the need for maintenance, a consideration in the total cost of ownership, which includes the continuing operational costs of scanners.

Increased reaction time whilst scanning also has benefits in the realm of context-scanning. ADF scanners, whilst very fast and very good at batch scanning, also require pre and post-processing of the documents. Document cameras can be integrated directly into a workflow or process, for example, a teller at a bank. The document is scanned directly in the context of the customer, in which it is to be placed or used. Reaction time is an advantage in these situations. Document cameras usually also require a small amount of space and are often portable.^[12]

While scanning with document cameras may have a quick reaction time, large batch scanning of even and unstapled documents is more efficient with an ADF scanner. This kind of technology faces challenges regarding external factors (such as lighting) that may influence the scan results. How these issues are resolved firmly depends on the sophistication of the product and how it deals with these issues.

• IPEVO: Known for producing versatile and affordable document cameras suitable for educational and professional use ^[13][14]
• Elmo: A well-established brand offering high-quality document cameras with advanced features for various applications ^[15]
• AVer: Provides a range of document cameras designed for classrooms and business environments, emphasizing user-friendly interfaces ^[16]
• Lumens: Offers document cameras with high-definition imaging and flexible designs, catering to diverse presentation needs. ^[17]
• HoverCam: Specializes in innovative document cameras that integrate seamlessly with modern educational technology setups. ^[18]

• Planetary scanner