Cornelia Metella

Cornelia Metella (c. 73 BC^[1] – after 48 BC) was the daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (who was consul in 52 BC and originally from the gens Cornelia) and his wife Aemilia.^[1] She appears in numerous literary sources, including an official dedicatory inscription at Pergamon.^[2]

Biography

Cornelia was first married to Publius Licinius Crassus, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus, in 55 BC, when he was in Rome between service with Julius Caesar in Gaul and his father in Syria. After the younger Crassus' death at the Battle of Carrhae, Cornelia became the fifth wife of the significantly older Pompey in 52 BC.^[3]

At the start of the civil war between Pompey and Caesar, Cornelia and Pompey's son Sextus Pompey were sent to the Aegean Lesbos. During her stay there, a statue was erected in Pergamum in her honour for services to that city.^[4] After Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus in 48 BC, she rejoined Pompey in August at Mytilene and went with him on his ill-fated flight to Ptolemaic Egypt. Landing on the shore, Pompey was murdered with Cornelia watching from the ship.^[5] After Pompey's death, she fled to Cyprus with Sextus and afterwards returned to Italy with Caesar's permission to bury Pompey's ashes on his Alban estate.^[6]

Plutarch described her as a beautiful woman of good character, well read, and a skilled player of the lyre. She was also very well educated in geometry and philosophy.^[7]

Cultural references

Cornelia Metella is a focus of Lucan's Civil War, which treats her as Pompey's partner in war and travel.^[8]

Cornelia appears in George Frideric Handel's 1724 opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto ("Julius Caesar in Egypt"), where she pleads with Caesar to spare her husband; he is about to grant her plea, but Pompey was already killed by the Egyptians. She is the title and main character in Robert Garnier's play Cornélie and its English language adaptation Cornelia by Thomas Kyd.

In the first season of the TV series Rome, broadcast in 2005, Cornelia is portrayed by actress Anna Patrick. Unlike the historic Cornelia, this portrayal sees her as middle aged, and as having two children probably from her first marriage, not with Pompey.

References

^ ^a ^b Ronald Syme points out that in 74 BC, Cornelia's father was the romantic rival of Cato for Aemilia, Cornelia's mother; their marriage followed soon after and provides the earliest possible date for their daughter's birth. The latest date for Cornelia's marriage to young Crassus would be 54 BC, before he left to join his father for the ill-fated Parthian campaign; Cornelia is unlikely to have been younger than 15 at the time, and so her latest year of birth would be 69 BC. See Syme 1980, reprinted in Roman Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), vol. 3, p. 1225.
^ Greek inscription translated into Latin as Cornelia Q. Metelli Pii Scipionis filia. Despite her father's testamentary adoption by Metellus Pius, Cornelia is never called Caecilia Metella in any extant sources. Münzer supposed that she retained the gens Cornelia name because she was born before her father's adoption, which was a legal formality. Linderski 1996, p. 150.
^ Münzer 1900, cols. 1596–97, citing among others: Plut. Pomp., 55.1; Dio, 40.51.3.
^ Münzer 1900, col. 1597, citing Inschriften von Pergamon 2.412.
^ Münzer 1900, col. 1597, citing among others: Plut. Pomp., 76–80.
^ Münzer 1900, col. 1597, citing among others: Plut. Pomp., 80.5; Dio, 42.5.7; Livy Per., 112 (escape to Cyprus).
^ Plut. Pomp. 55.1.
^ Foubert, Lien (2023). "Discourses of a changing society: women's (im)mobility in times of civil war" (PDF). The public lives of ancient women (500 BCE – 650 CE). Brill. p. 197. ISBN 978-90-04-53451-3. Retrieved 2024-07-03.

Bibliography

Münzer, F (1900). "Cornelius 417" . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. IV, 1. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1596–1597 – via Wikisource.
Linderski, Jerzy (1996). Imperium Sine Fine: T Robert S Broughton and the Roman Republic. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-06948-9.
Syme, Ronald (1980). "The Sons of Crassus". Latomus. 39 (2): 403–408. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41531764.

[:0-1] Ronald Syme points out that in 74 BC, Cornelia's father was the romantic rival of Cato for Aemilia, Cornelia's mother; their marriage followed soon after and provides the earliest possible date for their daughter's birth. The latest date for Cornelia's marriage to young Crassus would be 54 BC, before he left to join his father for the ill-fated Parthian campaign; Cornelia is unlikely to have been younger than 15 at the time, and so her latest year of birth would be 69 BC. See Syme 1980, reprinted in Roman Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), vol. 3, p. 1225.

[2] Greek inscription translated into Latin as Cornelia Q. Metelli Pii Scipionis filia. Despite her father's testamentary adoption by Metellus Pius, Cornelia is never called Caecilia Metella in any extant sources. Münzer supposed that she retained the gens Cornelia name because she was born before her father's adoption, which was a legal formality. Linderski 1996, p. 150.

[FOOTNOTEMünzer1900cols._1596–97,_citing_among_others:_Plut._''Pomp.'',_55.1;_Dio,_40.51.3-3] Münzer 1900, cols. 1596–97, citing among others: Plut. Pomp., 55.1; Dio, 40.51.3.

[FOOTNOTEMünzer1900col._1597,_citing_''Inschriften_von_Pergamon''_2.412-4] Münzer 1900, col. 1597, citing Inschriften von Pergamon 2.412.

[FOOTNOTEMünzer1900col._1597,_citing_among_others:_Plut._''Pomp.'',_76–80-5] Münzer 1900, col. 1597, citing among others: Plut. Pomp., 76–80.

[FOOTNOTEMünzer1900col._1597,_citing_among_others:_Plut._''Pomp.'',_80.5;_Dio,_42.5.7;_Livy_''Per.'',_112_(escape_to_Cyprus)-6] Münzer 1900, col. 1597, citing among others: Plut. Pomp., 80.5; Dio, 42.5.7; Livy Per., 112 (escape to Cyprus).

[7] Plut. Pomp. 55.1.

[8] Foubert, Lien (2023). "Discourses of a changing society: women's (im)mobility in times of civil war" (PDF). The public lives of ancient women (500 BCE – 650 CE). Brill. p. 197. ISBN 978-90-04-53451-3. Retrieved 2024-07-03.

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