Chiapas Zoque
| Chiapas Zoque | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Chiapas |
Native speakers | (30,000–35,000 cited 1990 census)[1] |
Mixe-Zoquean
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:zoc – Copainalá Zoquezos – Francisco León Zoquezor – Rayón Zoque |
| Glottolog | chia1261 |
Chiapas Zoque is a dialect cluster of Zoquean languages indigenous to southern Mexico (Wichmann 1995). The three varieties with ISO codes, Francisco León (about 20,000 speakers in 1990), Copainalá (about 10,000), and Rayón (about 2,000), are named after the towns they are spoken in, though residents of Francisco León were relocated after their town was buried in the eruption of El Chichón Volcano in 1982. Francisco León and Copainalá are 83% mutually intelligible according to Ethnologue.
Classification
The following classification of Chiapas Zoque dialects is from.[2][3]
- Chiapas Zoque
- North: Francisco León, Ostuacán
- Northeast: Rayón, Pantepec, Tapilula, Tapalapa, Ocotepec, Chapultenango, Amatán, Tapijulapa, Oxolotán
- Central: Copainalá, Tecpatán, Coapilla
- South: Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Copoya), Berriozabal, San Fernando, Ocozocuautla
Another language, Jitotolteco, was announced in 2011.[4][5] Jitotoltec is a recently discovered language belonging to the Zoquean branch of the Mixe-Zoquean language family spoken in Chiapas. It is not a dialect of Chiapas Zoque.[4]
Current situation
There are about 15,000 speakers of Chiapas Zoque, although the number is rapidly decreasing (Faarlund 2012:3). The vast majority of speakers reside in Tapalapa, Ocotepec, and Pantepec. 80%–90% of the population in Tapalapa and Ocotepec (combined population: about 10,000) are speakers of Zoque (Faarlund 2012). 50% of the population in Pantepec (pop. 8,000) are Zoque speakers.
Before the publication of Jan Terje Faarlund's A Grammar of Chiapas Zoque (2012), the best documented Chiapas Zoque variety has been that of Copainalá due to the work of William Wonderly and other scholars. More detailed work has been done on Gulf Zoque and Oaxaca Zoque languages. Chiapas Zoque is an endangered language due to rapid language shift to Spanish among Zoque youths, although this is mitigated by the Zoque people's attempts to preserve their culture and language (Faarlund 2012:3).
Phonology
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open-mid | ʌ | |
| Open | a |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Affricate | t͡s | ||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Glide | j | w |
The liquids /l, r/ mostly occur in Spanish loanwords.[6]
Lexical comparison
The following table shows how numerals in two of the principal varieties of Chiapas Zoque compare to the numerals of proto-Zoque.[7][8]
| Numeral | proto-Zoque | Copainalá Zoque | Francisco León Zoque |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *tum- | tumi | tumi |
| 2 | *mehts-, *wis- | metsa | metskuy |
| 3 | *tuku- | tukaʔy | tuʔkay |
| 4 | *mak(ta)s- | makškuʔ | maksikuy |
| 5 | *mos- | mosaʔ | mosay |
| 6 | *tuhtu- | tuhtaʔ | tuhtay |
| 7 | *wis.tuh- | kuʔyaʔy | kuʔyay |
| 8 | *tuku.tuhtu- | tukutuhtaʔy | takutuh- |
| 9 | *maks.tuhtu- | makstuhtaʔy | maks.tuh- |
| 10 | *mahk- | mahkaʔy | mahkay |
References
- ^ Copainalá Zoque at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Francisco León Zoque at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Rayón Zoque at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Wichmann, Søren (1995). The relationship among the Mixe-Zoquean languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0874804874. OCLC 32589134.
- ^ Wonderly, William L. (January 1949). "Some Zoquean Phonemic and Morphophonemic Correspondences". International Journal of American Linguistics. 15 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1086/464019. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 144004847.
- ^ a b Zavala, Roberto. 2011. El jitotolteco: Una lengua zoqueana desconocida. Keynote Presentation, Conference on the Indigenous Languages of Latin America VI. October, 2011.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jitotolteco". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Faarlund, Jan Terje (2012-04-19). A Grammar of Chiapas Zoque. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199693214.
- ^ Mark Rosenfelder's Metaverse: Mixe-Zoquean
- ^ Søren Wichmann, 2007, pp. 231-233
- Faarlund, Jan Terje. 2012. A Grammar of Chiapas Zoque. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wichmann, Søren, 1995. The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. ISBN 0-87480-487-6
External links
Copainalá Zoque
- Harrison, Roy; Margarita Harrison; Castulo Garcia H. (1981). Diccionario zoque de Copainalá. Mariano Silva y Aceves. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
- OLAC resources in and about the Copainalá Zoque language
Francisco León Zoque
- Engel; Engel (1987). Zoque de Francisco León. Mariano Silva y Aceves. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
- OLAC resources in and about the Francisco León Zoque language
Rayón Zoque
- Harrison, Roy; Margarita Harrison; Francisco Lopez Juarez; Cosme Ordones (1984). Vocabulario zoque de Rayón. Mariano Silva y Aceves. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
- OLAC resources in and about the Rayón Zoque language