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Clinamen

Clinamen (/klaɪˈneɪmən/; plural clinamina, derived from clīnāre, to incline) is the Latin name Lucretius gave to the unpredictable swerve of atoms, in order to defend the atomistic doctrine of Epicurus. In modern English it has come more generally to mean an inclination or a bias.

Epicureanism

According to Lucretius, the unpredictable swerve occurs "at no fixed place or time":

When atoms move straight down through the void by their own weight, they deflect a bit in space at a quite uncertain time and in uncertain places, just enough that you could say that their motion has changed. But if they were not in the habit of swerving, they would all fall straight down through the depths of the void, like drops of rain, and no collision would occur, nor would any blow be produced among the atoms. In that case, nature would never have produced anything.[1]

This swerving, according to Lucretius, provides the "free will which living things throughout the world have".[2] Lucretius never gives the primary cause of the deflections.

Modern usage

In modern English clinamen is defined as an inclination or a bias. The OED gives its first recorded use in English by Jonathan Swift in his 1704 Tale of a Tub ix.166, satirizing the atomistic theory of Epicurus:

Epicurus modestly hoped that one time or other, a certain fortuitous concourse of all men's opinions—after perpetual justlings, the sharp with the smooth, the light and the heavy, the round and the square—would, by certain clinamina, unite in the notions of atoms and void, as these did in the originals of all things.[3]

The term was taken up by Harold Bloom to describe the inclinations of writers to "swerve" from the influence of their predecessors; it is the first of his "Ratios of Revision" as described in The Anxiety of Influence.[4]

In Difference and Repetition, Gilles Deleuze employs the term in his description of "multiplicities".[5] In addition, other French writers such as Simone de Beauvoir,[6] Jacques Lacan,[7] Jacques Derrida,[8] Jean-Luc Nancy,[9] Alain Badiou,[10] Louis Althusser,[11] and Michel Serres[12] have made extensive use of the word 'clinamen' in their writings, albeit with very different meanings.

Lucretius' concept is central to the book The Swerve: How the World Became Modern, written by Stephen Greenblatt.

"Clinamen" is defined by Alfred Jarry in Chapter 34 of his Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician. The notion later figured[13] in the imaginary science of the Jarry-inspired College of Pataphysics, notably in the pataphysical calendar[14] and the experimental literature of OuLiPo.[15] The clinamen figures as a motif in the artistic practice of Rodney Graham – who has said it informs his work in general.[16]

Clinamen is also a term used in systems theory applied to biology.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lucretius, De rerum natura ii. 216–224. Translation from Brad Inwood, L. P. Gerson, (1994), The Epicurus Reader, page 66. Hackett
  2. ^ Lucretius, ii. 251
  3. ^ Jonathan Swift (1704). A Tale of a Tub.
  4. ^ in "The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry" (1973), Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2 edition (April 10, 1997) ISBN 0-19-511221-0
  5. ^ Gilles Deleuze, Paul Patton, (1994), Difference and repetition, page 232
  6. ^ in "The Ethics of Ambiguity" (1948), trans. Bernard Frechtman; Publisher: Citadel Press, ISBN 0-8065-0160-X
  7. ^ in "The four fundamental concepts of psycho-analysis" (1973), Publisher: W.W. Norton & Co. (April 17, 1998), ISBN 0-393-31775-7
  8. ^ in Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International, translated by Peggy Kamuf, Routledge 1994.
  9. ^ in The Inoperative Community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991.
  10. ^ in "Theory of the Subject" (1982), trans. Bruno Bosteels; (New York: Continuum, 2009): ISBN 978-0-8264-9673-7 (hardcover)
  11. ^ Louis Althusser, Philosophy of the Encounter: Later Writings, 1978-1987, trans. G.M. Goshgarian (London and New York: Verso, 2006): ISBN 978-1844675531
  12. ^ Hanjo Berressem in Abbas, N. (2005), Mapping Michel Serres, page 53 University of Michigan Press
  13. ^ "Pataphysics". dr.physics.wtf. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  14. ^ "clinamen site:http://www.college-de-pataphysique.fr - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  15. ^ "Pataphysical Search Tool". www.patakosmos.com. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  16. ^ Tate. "'Pataphysical Graham': A Consideration of the Pataphysical Dimension of the Artistic Practice of Rodney Graham – Tate Papers". Tate. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  17. ^ Cf. E. Tiezzi, N. Marchettini, ″Epistemological Aspects of Systems Theory Related to Biological Evolution″, in: Francisco Parra-Luna (Ed.), Systems Science and Cybernetics, Volume I, Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems, EOLSS Publishers Co., Ltd., Oxford, UK, 2009, p. 264-286.
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Lucretius.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinamen