Chain-linked model
| Futures studies |
|---|
 |
| Concepts |
| Techniques |
| Technology assessment and forecasting |
| Related topics |
The chain-linked model or Kline model of innovation was introduced by mechanical engineer Stephen J. Kline in 1985,[1] and further described by Kline and economist Nathan Rosenberg in 1986.[2] The chain-linked model is an attempt to describe complexities in the innovation process. The model is regarded as Kline's most significant contribution.[3]
Description
In the chain-linked model, new knowledge is not necessarily the driver for innovation. Instead, the process begins with the identification of an unfilled market need. This drives research and design, then redesign and production, and finally marketing, with complex feedback loops between all the stages. There are also important feedback loops with the organization's and the world's stored base of knowledge, with new basic research conducted or commissioned as necessary, to fill in gaps.
It is often contrasted with the so-called linear model of innovation,[4] in which basic research leads to applied development, then engineering, then manufacturing, and finally marketing and distribution.
Applications
The Kline model was conceived primarily with commercial industrial settings in mind, but has found broad applicability in other settings, for example in military technology development.[5] Variations and extensions of the model have been described by a number of investigators.[6][7][8]
See also
- Actor-network theory
- Cybernetics
- Creativity techniques
- Crowdsourcing
- Diffusion of innovations
- Innovation
- List of emerging technologies
- New product development
- Open innovation
- Participatory design
- Phase–gate model
- Pro-innovation bias
- Product lifecycle
- Social shaping of technology
- Strategic foresight
- Technological change
- User-centered design
- User innovation
References
- ^ Kline (1985). Research, Invention, Innovation and Production: Models and Reality, Report INN-1, March 1985, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University.
- ^ Kline, S.J. & N. Rosenberg (1986). “An overview of innovation.” In R. Landau & N. Rosenberg (eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 275–305.
- ^ "Salisbury, David F., "Memorial for Stephen Kline; engineer, interdisciplinary thinker," news release, Stanford University, October 27, 1997". Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
- ^ Caraça, João, Bengt-Åke Lundvall, and Sandro Mendonça (2009). “The changing role of science in the innovation process: From Queen to Cinderella?” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 76, 861–867.
- ^ Marius Vassiliou, Stan Davis, and Jonathan Agre (2011). Innovation Patterns in Some Successful C2 Technologies." Proc. 16th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Quebec, Canada.
- ^ Kameoka, A., D. Ito, and K. Kobayashi (2001). “A Cross-Generation Framework for Deriving Next-Generation Innovation Model.” Change Management and the New Industrial Revolution, IEMC ‘01 Proceedings, Albany, NY.
- ^ Micaëlli, J., Forest, J., Coatanéa, É. & Medyna, G. (2014). How to improve Kline and Rosenberg's chain-linked model of innovation: building blocks and diagram-based languages. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 15,(3), 59-77. doi:10.3917/jie.015.0059.
- ^ Corning, Peter. Review of Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking by Stephen Jay Kline, Institute for the Study of Complex Systems, June 2, 2015.