Cercis occidentalis
| Western redbud | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Genus: | Cercis |
| Species: | C. occidentalis |
| Binomial name | |
| Cercis occidentalis | |
| |
| Natural range of Cercis occidentalis | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Cercis occidentalis, the western redbud or California redbud (syn. Cercis orbiculata — Greene), is a small tree or shrub in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is found primarily in Northern California, with other populations in parts of Utah and Arizona.[2][3]
It is easily recognized when it is in bloom from March to May, when it is covered with small pink to purple flowers.
Description
Cercis occidentalis is a deciduous shrub to small tree, growing up to 7 metres (23 ft) tall. The largest individual is in Santa Rosa and is 8.8 metres (29 ft) high. Its crown is rounded on clustered, erect branches to a width of 10–20 feet (3.0–6.1 m). The branches are thin, shiny, and brown. Twigs are slender, erect, and hairless.[4]
The leaves are arranged alternately along the twigs and are simple, round, and slightly leathery, growing to 5–9 centimetres (2.0–3.5 in) in diameter, with 12–25-millimetre (0.47–0.98 in) petioles. They have heart shaped bases with entire margins. Leaves have 7 to 9 fan-like veins. The upper surfaces of the leaves are dark green, shiny, and hairless, while their lower surfaces are green and hairless.[4] They start as light green early in the season and darken as they age; on plants at higher elevation, leaves may turn gold or red as the weather cools.[5]
Inflorescences are unbranched and showy with bright pink or magenta flowers. Flowers, described as similar to pea flowers, measure about 12 millimetres (0.47 in) long and appear before leaves emerge. They grow in clusters all over the shrub, making the plant very colorful and noticeable in the landscape. The fruits are legume pods, 4–7.5 centimetres (1.6–3.0 in) long and about 12 millimetres (0.47 in) wide, thin and dry, and brown or reddish-purple. The clustered pods persist through winter.[6][4][7]
It is an abundant seeder and seeds have a high rate of germination. It endures shade in early life and light shade when mature; shade tolerance appears to be greater with increased soil moisture.[6]
The wood is fine-grained, dark yellowish brown, with a thin layer of whitish sapwood.[8]
Compared to the more commonly cultivated Cercis canadensis, it has more rounded leaves and tends to grow as a small shrub rather than a tree, although it does commonly grow as larger trees up to 25 feet tall, particularly in natural settings.[9]
Habitat
Its native habitats include foothill woodlands and chaparrals; they grow near stream banks in dry foothills and lower canyon slopes below 1,100 metres (3,600 ft).[4][7] It grows frequently in crevices and pockets where seeds are well covered with mineral soil.[6]
Ecology
Cercis occidentalis flowers bloom in spring from February to April. As is the case with other legumes, it is a nitrogen-fixing plant because of the presence of root nodules, allowing symbiotic bacteria to produce nitrogen.[4][7] They grow singly and in shrubby clumps alongside California buckeye, ceanothus, manzanita, and other chaparral brush.[6]
It is noted for attracting birds and other wildlife.[5][7] The leaves are harvested by native leafcutter bees and the flowers are an important nectar and pollen source for native insects and hummingbirds.[10]
It can be susceptible to occasional tent caterpillar infestations, but these can be controlled. It is also known to be susceptible to other caterpillars as well as crown rot, phytophthora, root rot, and scales. It is resistant to oak root fungus and armillaria.[5]
Uses
Indigenous Californians use the twigs of the western redbud to weave baskets, and even prune the shrub to encourage growth of new twigs. The bark provides a faint reddish dye for the finished basketry.[11]
It has been described as being worthy of notice for foresters only because of their use in "forming a scanty cover along dry, rocky borders of streams," and the wood has been described as being of no economic or domestic use.[6]
Cultivation
Cercis occidentalis is cultivated as an ornamental plant and tree, for planting in parks and gardens, and as a street tree. It is also used in drought tolerant, native plant, and wildlife gardens.[12] It is also used as a screen tree.[5]
Cultural significance
Cercis occidentalis is important to the ethnobotany of multiple native groups, being used in basketry, and has different names in their respective languages. Botanist Victor King Chestnut gave the name for the tree in various north California indigenous languages; according to him, the Yuki call the tree Chā'ā, the Koncow call it dop[13] or tal'k,[14] the Ukiah (cited as Yokia) call it Kälā' ä kälã',[15] and it is called Mūlā' in Northern Pomo.[16]
Images
Redbud during spring, March 2012
Western redbud near Briceburg, California April 2019
Redbud, poppies and much more − Merced River canyon March 2019
References
- ^ Cercis occidentalis Torr. ex A.Gray. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Cercis occidentalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ USDA: Cercis orbiculata . accessed 3.23.2013
- ^ a b c d e Stuart, John D.; Sawyer, John O. (2001-06-11). Trees and Shrubs of California. University of California Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-0-520-22110-9.
- ^ a b c d "Cercis occidentalis Tree Record". SelecTree. Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo: UFEI. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
- ^ a b c d e Sudworth, George B. (1908). Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 367–368.
- ^ a b c d "Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud, California Redbud PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- ^ Sudworth, George B. (1908). Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 367–368.
- ^ "Cercis canadensis, eastern redbud". Trees of Stanford & Environs. 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "Cercis occidentalis". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
- ^ Chestnut 1902, p. 357.
- ^ Las Pilitas Nursery database — Cercis occidentalis (Western Redbud) . accessed 3.23.2013
- ^ Chestnut 1902, p. 404.
- ^ Chestnut 1902, p. 408.
- ^ Chestnut 1902, p. 405.
- ^ Chestnut 1902, p. 406.
Bibliography
- Casebeer, M. (2004). Discover California Shrubs. Sonora, California: Hooker Press. ISBN 0-9665463-1-8
- Chestnut, Victor King (1902). Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. Vol. VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2024-11-07.