Breakthrough (military)
A breakthrough occurs when an offensive force has broken or penetrated an opponent's defensive line, and rapidly exploits the gap.[1]
Usually, large force is employed on a relatively small portion of the front to achieve this. While the line may have held for a long while prior to the breakthrough, the breakthrough happens suddenly when the pressure on the defender causes him to "snap".
As the first defensive unit breaks, the adjacent units suffer adverse results from this (spreading panic, additional defensive angles, threat to supply lines). Since they were already pressured, this leads them to "snap" as well, causing a domino-like collapse of the defensive system. The defensive force thus evaporates at the breakthrough point, letting the attacker to rapidly move troops into the gap, exploiting the breakthrough in width (by attacking enemy units at the edge of the breakthrough, so widening it), in depth (advancing into enemy territory towards strategic objectives), or a combination of both.
Terminology
The OED records "break through" used in a military sense from the trench warfare times of 1915, when the Observer used the phrase in a headline.[2] The Online Etymology Dictionary dates the metaphoric use of "breakthrough" - meaning "abrupt solution or progress" - from the 1930s,[3] shortly after Joseph Stalin popularized the Russian equivalent (Russian: перелом, romanized: perelom) in a pep-piece on the "Great Breakthrough" published in November 1929,[4] dense with military jargon and encouraging industrialization during the Soviet Union's first Five-Year Plan.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Paddy Griffith (1994). Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack, 1916-18. Yale University Press. p. 32.
- ^ "breakthrough". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "Observer 20 June 8/4 (headline) The break through."
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "breakthrough". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
- ^
Stalin, I (1929-11-07). "Год великого перелома: к XII годовщине Октября" [The year of the great breakthrough: towards the twelfth anniversary of October]. Pravda (in Russian). No. 259. Moscow. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Истекший год был годом великого перелома на всех фронтах социалистического строительства. Перелом этот шел и продолжает идти под знаком решительного наступления социализма на капиталистические элементы города и деревни. [This year has been the year of the great breakthrough on all fronts of the construction of socialism. This breakthrough took place and continues to take place under the sign of a determined attack by socialism on the capitalist elements in town and country.]
- ^
Gellately, Robert (2007). "9: Stalin's new initiatives". Lenin, Stalin and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Random House (published 2012). p. 165. ISBN 9781448138784. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Under the heading 'Year of the Great Breakthrough' (perlom)[sic], Stalin gave a review of the Five-Year Plan for Pravda on November 3, 1929. The occasion was to celebrate victories on various fronts on the anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The justification for the intense industrialization drive was couched in typically military language [...].
Sources
- Carl von Clausewitz, On War
- Heinz Guderian, Achtung, Panzer!